Physics Behind the Dambuster’s Bouncing Bomb

Physics Behind the Dambuster’s Bouncing Bomb Brookie Trant Introduction The Dambuster Raid and the bouncing bomb played a key role in WW2. The aim was to disrupt industrial productivity of Germany. The Raid was also a well-publicised success story when Britain was stretched to breaking point during the war. The bomb was used to destroy the Mohne and the Edersee Dams and flood the Ruhr Valley, thereby destroying a large proportion of the Germans manufacturing power; thus having the desired knock on effects for the German war effort. The bomb was initially conceived by Dr Barnes Wallis in April 1942 in a paper he wrote called ‘spherical bomb – surface torpedo’[1]. The concept was then taken up by Air Chief Marshal the Hon Sir Ralph Cochrane of the Royal Air Force a strong advocate of precision bombing. Also important to bringing the concept to fruition was Air Marshal Arthur Harris commander of Bomber Command. Through these influential commanders Wallis’ idea was brought to a committee and it given the go ahead. Wallis faced a range of practical issues such as: the size-to-weight ratio of the bomb with the ability of the aircraft to physically lift and deliver it; how much backspin was needed to be imparted to the bomb in order for it to have a controlled and accurate flight; speed of flight; height from which to drop it and the velocity of the aircraft at point of delivery. All these factors needed to be understood and overcome in order that the bomb could be delivered to the optimum point on the dam wall and then detonated. In answering this question this study will consider four key factors: the weapon design, the delivery of the weapon, the detonation and how all of these had a great enough affect to destroy the dam. It is useful at this point to qualify the definition of the bouncing bomb. The use of bouncing to describe the Operation Chastise bomb is loose. The physics of bouncing by definition requires a level of elasticity which as the object hits a solid, a fluid or a powder results in a permanent or non-permanent change in the objects form (elasticity). This doesn’t occur with the ‘bouncing’ bomb. It is better to define the Chastise Bomb as ricocheting but for the purpose of this study the phrase bouncing bomb will be used[2]. Weapon Design This was where the bomb started. A key area which needed to be addressed was the shape of the bomb. This had a major role in providing a reliable and successful bomb. This section explains the reasoning behind the cylindrical shape and how this affected the bombs delivery. The shape of the bomb was a key issue. Wallis’ initial trials used spherical models, so that identical contact with the water would be made throughout its flight; however the bounces were often too unpredictable due to release and water surface conditions. Therefore, to achieve greater stability Wallis experimented with a cylindrical bomb. This negated the unpredictability but did not stabilise the issues of trajectory and keeping it level. He realised that by using backspin these problems could be overcome. Backspin was also a key aspect in the delivery of the weapon to the detonation point. This vital aspect will be further discussed in this study in the delivery method section. Once at the point of detonation the bomb was required to explode underwater. On explosion a shock wave would be created, enough to destabilise the dam wall. The weight of water would then provide the breach. Wallis started with trying to find the correct measurements for the amount of explosive needed to breech the dam. He used a model on a scale of 1/17 of the real thing. He then used 100g of gelignite 1.2m away from the wall giving the same effect as a 10 tonne bomb 60m away from the dam. This had no effect. He continued his trials until he achieved 150g of explosive 0.3m away from the dam, which meant that he had to use 13 tonnes of explosive 15m away from the dam. When scaled back up, this would need 18 tonnes of casing which would give a 31 tonne bomb to match the effect required. This was a significantly larger bomb that could be dropped by the aircraft to be used. It was clear that he would have to find a different method. He reduced the mass to 4.3 tonnes and would use multip le bombs to breech the dam[3]. The final dimensions of the bomb were 60 inches long and 50 inches wide[4]. This is roughly 1.52m in length and 1.27m in width, with a final weight of 9,250[5]. See figure 1. Delivery Method His next problem was working out speed of the bombs, how far above the surface they needed to be dropped, the distance from the dam and the best way to control the skips of the bomb. His first trials were conducted in his garden at home. He fired marbles across a bucket of water to see whether it would bounce off the surface. It worked and he could control the skip by adjusting the catapult. He now needed to discover if he could control the bomb when it was using multiple skips. For this he needed a slightly larger apparatus and used a huge ship tank at Teddington. Starting with a spherical bomb, he tested different size-to-weight ratios and by using backspin he could control the bounces. This also helped the bomb to sink in a predictable manner when it reached the wall. Here he had success, however Wallis found the flight of the bomb was often unpredictable. He found if he increased the mass significantly it became more stable however for reasons already stated a larger bomb was impractical. Wallis had realised that stability could be achieved by using a cylindrical casing and imparting backspin. This would keep the barrel on its axis and stop it from tilting and therefore follow its correct trajectory. Much like a child’s spinning-top toy, the more backspin you gave the bomb the harder it would be to knock it off its axis, this is angular momentum (this is explained in the paragraph below). He tested the idea in the tank trying out the different revolutions. He also found that by varying the size-to-weight ratio of the cylinders he could keep a 5 ton barrel level on the water and then get it to spin down the dam once it hit the water[6]. Also by rapidly spinning the device backwards this would counteract the forward velocity of the aircraft. Wallis calculated how many bounces would be required before reaching the dam. This calculation needed to include the drop distance from the dam, the elevation of the aircraft and its forward velocity. Importantly with each bo unce the bomb would slow due to the viscosity of the water and the drag effect that it had. Using this equation Wallis was able to calculate the speed of the spin to ensure that the bomb had slowed down to almost zero velocity by the time it reached the dam[7]. He measured that the cylinder would need to be going at 450 to 500 revolutions per minute2 in order to achieve this effect. Angular momentum has the same role as linear momentum but in rotation. The equation for angular momentum is. The equation for linear momentum is â€Å"†. In the equation for angular momentum the ‘I’ replaces the ‘m’ and the ‘ω’ replaces the ‘v’. The ‘I’ is the moment of inertia which is an objects reluctance to change its state of rotational motion[8]. The equation for the moment of inertia changes with the different shapes it is acting on. For a cylinder the moment of inertia is. This meant that by increasing the mass and the radius the moment of inertia will increase making it more stable. However Wallis was restricted by the size of the planes and their ability to carry a heavy bomb. So he used the largest diameter as possible and then put the majority of the weight of the bomb as close to the edge of the cylinder as possible. This way it would have the same effect as a flywheel giving the barrel lots of m omentum. The ‘ω’ is the angular velocity which is how quick the cylinder is rotating its unit is rad s-1. The equation for ω is which shows as you increase the frequency then the ω will increase by a considerable amount. When you put the moment of inertia and angular velocity together you get the angular momentum of a rotating object. It also shows you that by increasing the angular velocity makes it much more difficult to knock the barrel off its axis. Going back to the spinning top the faster you spin it the more difficult it becomes to knock it over. This is what gave the bouncing bomb a clean flight and made sure that it remained on course and didn’t tilt off its axis. The backspin had a secondary effect. By dropping the bomb without backspin the device would naturally receive a turning effect through the horizontal axis in the opposite direction; the net result of this would be that the bomb would not slow in a uniform or predictable manner and therefore likely skip out over the dam rather than slowing and dropping down the inside face. Forward spinning the bomb would have a similar effect to that experienced by a bicycle wheel being rolled at a curb. It wants to keep going[9]. There is a third effect achieved by imparting backspin. This is the key relationship that Wallis would have been aware of and used to calculate speed, height and turning effect. This effect is the Kuttas Lift Theorem or the Kutta–Joukowski Theorem. Developed by German Martin Wihelm Kutta and Russian Nikolai Zhukovsky (Joukowski), in the early twentieth century, the theorem demonstrates the aerodynamic relationship between lift, speed of a rotating cylinder and density of the substance it is moving through (air or fluid)[10]. This theorem sometimes known as the Magnus effect when applied to the conditions of the Dam Buster raid allowed the bomb to ‘crawl’ down the face of the dam wall. The water surrounding the cylinder in conjunction with the back rotation caused striking hydrodynamic forces that pulled the bomb back towards the wall[11]. As seen in figure 2. All three of these effects were identified, quantified, understood and overcome by Wallis, through his thorough trials and experiments and his deep knowledge of physics. Detonation Mechanism The aim of Operation Chastise was to blow up the dam; the easiest way to do this would be to blow the explosive charge on the water side of the dam at the optimum depth. This would make the most of the explosive power. With the weight of the water behind the explosion, it would increase the affect of the force of the bomb. This weight would pressure the dam to breaking through whatever weaknesses had been caused by the initial force of the bomb. The bomb contained three hydrostatic pistols which measured the water pressure as the bomb sank, the bomb would then detonate at a depth of 30 feet. It also had a time fuse that would detonate after 90 seconds as a backup. This was reasonably well developed technology drawn from the experiences of the First World War naval fighting and the ongoing anti-submarine war effort. In essence the hydrostatic pressure, used in the hydrodynamic pistol, increases uniformly according to the simplified equation of P = p g h (where P is hydrostatic pressur e, p is the fluid density (kg/m3), g is gravity and h is height of the water)[12]; the change in the hydrostatic pressure would trigger the hydrodynamic pistol to explode at a depth of 30 feet (9.14m)[13]. Target Effect Once delivered to the detonation point against the dam wall at the correct depth the weapon exploded. This maximised the benefits of the bubble pulse effect typical of underwater explosions, greatly increasing its effectiveness of the explosion and the pressure. The dam wasn’t going to fall by just using the explosive power of the TNT and RDX applied to the external wall of the dam, but by using the pressure of 30 foot (9.14m) of water pressing down on the explosion. The initial force exerted by the exploding bomb was meant to weaken the dam; the water would do the rest. Compared to air water has a significantly higher density than air. Water has a higher quotient of inertia than air. Although this makes water more difficult to move it does mean that it is an excellent conductor of shock waves from an explosion. The damage achieved by these shock waves will be amplified by the subsequent physical movement of water and by the repeated secondary shockwaves or â€Å"bubble pulse †[14]. The small seemingly insignificant cracks formed by the bomb would then be exploited by the water forcing the gaps to get larger until the point where the dam couldn’t hold it any longer. The dam then crumbled. The equation for pressure is (P=pressure, F=force, A=area) this can be rearranged to give this shows us that the pressure will make a huge difference to the force of the explosion. Summary In summarising this study of the physics behind the dam buster raid it is important to recognise the breadth of Barnes Wallis’s experimentation and trials. He overcame the issues of weapon design: its explosive effect and detonation method and issues of casing; the delivery method in terms of speed, height and skip effect; the detonation method; and then the weapon effect on the target. A clear understanding physics and a deep understanding of fluid mechanics, hydrodynamic pressure and the crucial consequence of Magnus Effect were essential for Wallis’s concept to succeed. Bibliography 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_bomb I used wikipedia just to gain some background knowledge and to use in my introduction. 2 Johnson, W. (1998). Ricochet of non-spinning projectiles, mainly from water Part I: Some historical contributions. International Journal of Impact Engineering (UK: Elsevier) – this was from the same Wikipedia page but the extract was taken from this paper written by W. Johnson. 3 http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~stinner/stinner/pdfs/1989-dambusters.pdf this is another paper on the bouncing bomb providing information on the facts and figures on the bomb 4 http://everything2.com/title/bouncing+bomb again this is just facts about the bouncing bomb itself 5 http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/617-squadron-and-the-dams-raid/designing-the-upkeep-mine.aspx another with facts an about the bombs dimensions and weight ect. 6 http://simscience.org/fluid/red/DamBusters.html this is a paper for those doing a-level so has very relevant information on it and is a reliable source 7 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards#slide=16article=Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards this is using Wikipedia again but it is a general statement so not needing a confirmation reference 8 Advanced Physics (p.101/105) – this is a book used in the physics a-level it gives a great level of understanding and was a very useful book when wanting to look beyond the syllabus 9 A.M. Kuethe and J.D. Schetzer (1959), Foundations of Aerodynamics, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York ISBN 0-471-50952-3. – this is a book and it explains basic aerodynamics which can also be related to the forces acting on an object in fluid which is the context used in this essay 10 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357684/Magnus-effect this briefly explains the Magnus effect which is used when the bomb is trying to sink down the dam face 11 Pascal’s law – found on http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pascal-laws-d_1274.html 12 http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/dambusters.htm information about the bomb. 13 Fox, Robert; McDonald, Alan; Pritchard, Philip (2012). Fluid Mechanics (8 ed.). John Wiley Sons – another book used briefly to explain how the bomb created a large enough force to break the dam. [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_bomb [2] Johnson, W. (1998). Ricochet of non-spinning projectiles, mainly from water Part I: Some historical contributions. International Journal of Impact Engineering (UK: Elsevier) [3] http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~stinner/stinner/pdfs/1989-dambusters.pdf [4] http://everything2.com/title/bouncing+bomb [5] http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/617-squadron-and-the-dams-raid/designing-the-upkeep-mine.aspx [6] http://simscience.org/fluid/red/DamBusters.html [7]http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards#slide=16article=Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards [8] Advanced Physics (p.101) [9]http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards#slide=16article=Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards [10] A.M. Kuethe and J.D. Schetzer (1959), Foundations of Aerodynamics, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York ISBN 0-471-50952-3. [11] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357684/Magnus-effect [12] Pascal’s law [13] http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/dambusters.htm [14]Fox, Robert; McDonald, Alan; Pritchard, Philip (2012). Fluid Mechanics (8 ed.). John Wiley Sons.

Bad Debts and Uncollectible Accounts Receivable

When we own a business, we hope that all the customers who get goods or service from us will pay in full. But in fact, a certain percentage of customers will default on their obligations. We need to consider this part of money to balance sheet, so that we report them as writing off bad debts.Account Receivable We recognize Account Receivable from two different parts. 1) Service Organization, we record a receivable when it provides service on account. 2) Merchandiser, we records receivable at the point of sale of merchandise on account.Bad Debt Expense Under GAAP, when we sale goods or offer service to customers, we recognize the revenue as â€Å"Sales Revenue† on Income Statement- even the customers don’t pay immediately. When we can’t collect the receivable money, we have to report an expense to offset the revenue which we reported at the beginning of sale or service. This is the so called Bad Debt Expense. In other words, seller records losses that result from extending credit as Bad Debts Expense.Methods of Accounting for Uncollectible Accounts There are two methods to record the uncollectible accounts. 1) Direct Write-Off. But it is theoretically undesirable. 2) Allowance Method. It is much better. Companies estimate uncollectible accounts receivable. Then debit Bad Debts Expense and credit Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Companies debit Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and credit Accounts Receivable at the time the specific account is written off as uncollectible.Write-offs First of all, we need to decide a specific amount for the uncollectible account. For instance, we decide $1000 debt is uncollectible. Secondary, we decrease the Account Receivable by $1000. We also decrease the allowance for doubtful account by $1000. So, at the beginning we have $20000 for the account receivable and $2000 for allowance, then it falls down to $19000 and the allowance would drop to $1000. Then the net account receivable is still $18000 the same as be ginning. Eg: Bed Debts Expense 1000Allowance for doubtful accounts 1000Balance Sheet Approach Under the percentage of receivables basis, management establishes a percentage relationship between the amount of receivables and expected losses from uncollectible accounts.

Car Crash While Hitchhiking Essay

1. In the story, â€Å"Car Crash While Hitchhiking† the protagonist is characterized as an outsider. Reason being, is because he is he’s evidently a drug addict who wakes up in the middle of nowhere. It even mentioned in the story that he had been to detox. He’s abandoned by the fellows whom he did drugs with. Clearly he did not fit in with most social groups, and he had a hard time being accepted. Due to him being an outsider, I believe that there was some type of event that lead him to be an addict. Maybe he was neglected, or he had a midlife crisis.In the story, he implicated that he wanted to die. As he said when he was inside the car and put all his bags on one side of the car and said that he did not care whether he lives or dies. Certainly all this man was living for was so that he can reach his ultimate nirvana. 2. The central theme in Susan Minot’s short story, â€Å"Lust† is running on empty. Reason I chose this to be the theme is because the protagonist in the story is seeks and she’s in search for the right guy to fall in love with her. Yet, as she continues to be promiscuous activities trying to find the right one, she realizes that they all want her for one reason. She knows that they just want her for sex, and every time she has sexual encounters with them she feels empty inside afterwards. We know she is empty because her parents don’t give her attention, she has no family, and she just wants her heart to be fulfilled. But as you read throughout the short story, you realize all this promiscuity is her fulfillment. This is what makes her content. When she’s in the act of it she has nothing to worry about, bc the sex is hot and passionate. She’s running in empty because she’s absorbing all these guys with the gratifying attitude of not b eing loved. And that is why she continues to lustful.. 3. In the short story, â€Å"The Half Skinned-Steer, the story takes place a in Chicago on a ranch somewhere in the country outskirts. The setting also causes me to think that it’s set in the 1900’s due to the Chicago stockyards. In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† the setting of the story takes place in Atlanta, Ga, somewhere maybe in the city, or the suburbs. The reason I believe that the setting is in the city or suburbs, is because it took the family twenty minutes to reach the outskirts of the city. You can also assume that the setting of the story is in the city due to how the family are dresses. In the story, â€Å"A Worn Path† the setting of the story is in a country town Natchez, Mississippi on an early chilly cold morning on a path of pinewoods while the sun is rising.

Essence of Poetry Essay

Essence of Poetry Ever since man emerged on our planet, the beauty of nature all around him has mesmerized him. The plants, animals, mountains, lakes and rivers, and all that he sees around him during the day inspire him to start singing a song. At night, the moon and the stars and all the hosts of heaven open up a totally new vision that is absolutely breathtaking. So, at night and day, man is struck with awe at the wonder of creation made by an unseen source. His heart rejoices in this beauty and he expresses it through poetry and song. Poetry is not only a wonderful way to express one’s appreciation of nature, but also an effective way to preserve history and tradition as it is passed on from one generation to the next. Many folk tales as well as historic details have been preserved and passed on through generations by poetry. The beauty and rhythm of the poetry have made it a favorite among the young and the old. As youngsters learn these poems from their elders, the poems are faithfully passed on to the next generations. Another great use of poetry is in romance, where one partner expresses his or her love for the other. Love poems and serenades have been extremely popular among the youth who are beginning to be attracted by the opposite sex. Right from ancient literature to entire books in the Bible are devoted to love poetry where one person expresses his or her undying love towards the other. The use of poetry is, therefore, rather manifold and is very intimately tied to the hearts of mankind.

The Influence On The Media - 1020 Words

MLW Research Paper – The Influence on the Media First, this paper will show how the newspaper men came to Little Rock, Arkansas and that they wanted to write and to do their jobs and show how the segregation, hate, and conflicting viewpoints were real and how doing their job threatened their lives but, this story needed to be heard. Moreover, Alex Wilson was a journalist for the Memphis-based Tri-State Defender and was there to report on the â€Å"Little Rock Nine,† Moses Newson, was there from the Baltimore Afro-American, James L. Hicks, editor of the Amsterdam News in New York, Earl Davy, a freelance photographer. These men were all there to do a job. (LaNier 2010) However, on September 23, 1957, these four black journalists who had been at the Bates home with all the â€Å"Little Rock Nine† had gone to the school before the students had arrived. The crowd hollered at them and were taunting them. â€Å"Wilson and Hicks were telling them they were newspapermen and just wanting to do their job.† (LaNier 2010) The crowd lunged at them, kicking, punching and spitting at them. The broke Davy’s camera and chased him and others attacked Newson and Hicks, but they managed to escape. Consequently, â€Å"Wilson was a veteran journalist and a former war correspondent, he was not going to be shaken and stood his ground.† (LaNier 2010) The crowd wanted him to leave and he was not going to allow them to shake him. â€Å"The mob did deliver a crushing blow to the back of his head and he fell to the groundShow MoreRelatedMedia Influence On The Media1721 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The topic of how the media influence governmental issues is confounded, yet in its most fundamental definition, the right response to it is this: It depends. 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Ford Model T - 1057 Words

The 1920 s were a time where North America became modernized. Whether it was the music, the culture or the growth in technology, this time era is known to most people as the point where America advanced itself to become a world renowned country. An advancement that will be focused on is the Ford Model T. During this time owning a car was a symbol of wealth. Henry Ford, the creator of the Model T, made a system that revolutionized the automobile industry as we know it today. Henry Ford made it possible for people with an average income to own a motor vehicle by creating the assembly line and the theory of mass production. The horse, which had been the chief means of land transportation for 3,500 years, had given way to the automobile, and†¦show more content†¦With the introductions of the Model T, the assembly line and the method of mass production created many new jobs. The Model T s low price allowed everyone that was making a good salary to buy a car. 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Engineering Innovation and Ethics Indigenous Australian People

Question: Discuss about the Engineering Innovation and Ethics Indigenous Australian. Answer: Indigenous Australians are those people who were migrated from Africa somewhere around 60,000 years ago. They were the first people coming to Australia and had no such defined origin. The development of indigenous population of Australia is not equal. Those indigenous people who are living in the urban or the rural places there developments are not even. Moreover, the development of both groups of indigenous people has moved differently (Thomson, 2012). However, the several of government policies and regulations do suggest that the present time of indigenous people are finding elevated supports from the local government than in the past. This is one reality that indigenous people had no such favours from the Australian government. Until 1967, they had no such significant favouring form the local government. However, the scenarios have changed in the last ten years and this is because of the fact that the Australian government is taking some serious initiatives to uplift the living st andard of the indigenous people of Australia (Short, 2016). The main purpose of the assignment is to evaluate the initiatives take by the local government in the recent times. In the year 2008, the Australian government has decided to address all the inequalities, which the aborigines are facing in Australia. The commitment was decided to vanish the gap. Some of the highlighted gaps were such as to address the solutions for a comparative life expectancy; the rates of deaths of infants are higher than the non-aborigines, comparatively poorer health condition and lower levels of employment and education. The move was to address the issue and find the required solutions for the highlighted problems. However, the initiatives could only be partially successful as it fell down in providing the utmost solutions to the indigenous people. The rate of deaths of infant were reduced than compared to that in the year 1998; however, it did not reduce the extent as it was anticipated. On a same note, the target to close the differences in between the aborigines and non-aborigines are not on track. The rate of unemployment is also not on the track. However, some of the hi ghly infected diseases were efficiently being reduced to a considerable amount. Those diseases were HBV, Gonorrhoea and the rates of smoking in women during pregnancy were also reduced (Hilson, 2016). It is an undeniable fact that the issues are being addressed at some big occasions but nothing so the Australian government has so far achieved commanding. The inequality in between aborigines and non-aborigines are still out of control. The rate of remedial actions and the respective consequences are still defying any potential move by the government. The inequality is not only in the physical condition but it has also dominated the mentalities of common people who are racist to this nature. It is the feeling of racism, which has so far successfully defied any significant consequence of numerous government projects for aborigines (Altman Martin, 2013). The engineering ethics is a set of rules that governs the ethical commitment of engineers towards a society or group. The social wellbeing is one of the responsibilities of engineering ethics, which tries to manifest the social awareness towards a social group. The poor and lamentable conditions of indigenous people in the past and the current development have posed several challenges to the ethical engineering. The challenge is to deliver the moral principles of applied engineering ethics (Behrendt, 2012). The role of engineering may include making through research on some localities, defining the problems, analyzing criteria, and making decisions. However, making decisions would certainly be tested as so far there have been so many reforming works for the indigenous people but nothing significant has happened yet. The ethical duties of engineers are to conduct a thorough analysis and find some necessary solutions to the problems identified. It might also be the case that the identi fied problem is a new find; however, it might be less ensuring to the fact that the works is on progress. The essential problems have so far remained with the clinical remedies in right proportion. This is for such reasons that the aborigines are so far unidentified with an utmost solution (Yu, 2012). The existing problem to the aborigines and the relevant helplessness works of the local government can collectively posed some serious challenges to the engineers. The ethical engineering and the never dying debate on the solutions for the indigenous people are two contradicting facts, which have less connectivity to each others morality. If I have to visit to some aborigines and to conduct a research on the existing problem, I might feel less confident because the same things have been repeated in the past for quite a time. The biggest challenge would be to ensure a maximum faith of aborigines onto the works, which I have planned for them. The several of remedial actions in past have fetched so far no such significant gaps narrowing in between aborigines and non-aborigines (De Costa, 2012). Conducting the research is possible but concluding the results and implementing the same is difficult. The ethical engineering is about finding the problems and providing the possible solutions; however, I would be in all sorts of doubt about how to propose the changes and bring the required remedial actions. This is because of the fact that the remedial actions are easy to be identified but are a comparatively difficult to implement the solutions. The identified solutions might attract respective granting of permission from the local government of Australia as they itself trying their level best to ensure equal rights to all group of societies in Australia. The incapability of the Australian government in bringing changes to the aborigines has put in a complex situation, as it would be difficult for me to communicate effectively with the aborigines. The communication with the aborigines is essential, as this would help coming to some conclusion. However, it is even complicated and tough for me to have a healthy communication with the aborigines because they had so far not received the utmost equal rights (Garling et al., 2013). The local government initiatives to uplift the living standards of aborigines in Australia and giving them equal rights to prevent numerous consequences such as high rates of infant deaths is so far partially achieved. The series of remedial actions from the local government has changed the scenarios to some extent, as the situation was even worse until 1967s. Nevertheless, the highly incremented problems of inequalities have not met with such potential solutions, which could completely outplay the differences n between different communities. For an engineer, it is very difficult and complicated case to have a healthy communication with the aborigines. This is because of the fact that the ethical engineering instructs towards an ultimate solution; however, the present scenarios in Australia would not let the implementation of the solution happen. Moreover, the rising inequalities among different communities in Australia are still in search of some handful remedial action, which could efficiently eliminate the inequalities from the society. The progress is happening but not to the desired level. This has created enormous challenges not only to the Australian government hut also to the ethical rules, which is causing problems to the engineers also. References Altman, J., Martin, D. (2013).Power, Culture, Economy (CAEPR 30): Indigenous Australians and Mining(p. 243). ANU Press. Behrendt, L. (2012).Indigenous Australia for dummies. John Wiley Sons. De Costa, R. (2012).A higher authority: indigenous transnationalism and Australia. UNSW Press. Garling, S., Hunt, J., Smith, D., Sanders, W. (2013).Contested governance: culture, power and institutions in Indigenous Australia(p. 351). ANU Press. Hilson, G. (2016).Natural resource extraction and indigenous livelihoods: Development challenges in an era of globalization. Routledge. Short, D. (2016).Reconciliation and colonial power: Indigenous rights in Australia. Routledge. Thomson, N. (2012). Translational research and the Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet.health,7, 211. Yu, P. (2012).The power of data in Aboriginal hands. Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research.