International Energy Policy Promoting the Use of Renewable Energy

Question: Using the PESTER analytical tool, critically analyse the impact of the Renewable energy policies of any developed economy on any OPEC member states energy policy. Answer: Introduction Renewable energy resources are mainly collected from the resources that are replenished naturally on a human timescale. Renewable energy resources exist over a broad geographical area as compared to the other energy sources. The rapid deployment of the renewable energy results in the considerable energy security as well as mitigation in the climatic change. The increase in the renewable energy legislation is taking place due to the change in the climate and global warming. Energy supply from renewable is an indispensable component of the strategy of every nation. The renewable technologies are suited to rural and remote areas (Ellabban et al. 2014). The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an enduring intergovernmental organization. The main objective of OPEC is to organize and unify the petroleum policies among the member states. The focus has been given on the impact of developed country that has evaluated on the oil producing UAE states for the power generation and the effective use of renewable energy policies (Moran 2015). Discussion UAE has become a key player in clean technologies, thus funding large-scale renewable energy projects. The hydrocarbon market in UAE is undergoing the most noticeable change with subsidiary effects for renewable energy. The UAE is one of the largest hydrocarbon reserve holders in the world. The UAE is also the third largest exporter of oil in the world (Jamil et al. 2016). In UAE, the high per capita consumption of oil and gas is mostly due to the low cost of production and the domestic pricing. The UAE also shares a common interest with the UK in the environmental matters. The UK and UAE are also to work together to enhance the future generation. Abu Dhabi is leading the renewable drive with a target to obtain 7 percent of its energy from renewable by the year 2020. Abu Dhabi is also the home to the Global Renewable Energy Agency. UAE has also organized a number of innovative renewable energy projects all through the country. With the help of Masdar, UAE has also become the major investor in the renewable energy projects in the UK (Gov.uk 2015). The UK has been blessed with a wealth of renewable energy resources. The scope of the energy policy includes the distribution and the production of electricity and natural gas. According to the reports, there have been a number of changes to renewable energy policies during the year 2015 and 2016. The UK has a target to source 15 percent of final energy consumption from renewable energy by the year 2020. Under the EU Renewable Energy Directive, the UK exceeded the provisional target of the year 2013/2014 with a 6.3 percent share of renewable. On the other hand, UK will meet the 2020 target as per the European Commission 2015 Renewable Energy Directive report (Batel and Devine Wright 2016). In the UK, almost 25 percent of electricity was generated from renewable. This resulted in the rise of almost 30 percent from 19 percent in the year 2014. The recent significant change in the renewable energy policy instruments in the UK will have an impact on the level of deployment. Renewable Obligation (RO) is the part of the UK renewable energy policy that was announced by the government in the year 2015. However, later it was announced that RO would be closed by the year 2016 for new PV projects of a capacity of five MW. The RO was mainly closed for the onshore installation of wind from the year 2016. However, it was onshore installation of wind was planned in the year 2017 but was commenced by 2016 (Bunn and Yusupov 2015). Contract-for-Difference (CFD) replaced the RO. The first allocation of CFD was initiated in the year 2014 and the results were announced in the year 2015. Although, the second round for the allocation was scheduled for the year 2015 it was cancelled. Later, in the month of November 3 CFD rounds were announced to take place in the year 2020 (Onifade 2016). The small-scale renewable electricity installations were supported by Feed-in tariffs (FITs). According to the reports, in the recent year there has a rapid consumption of solar PV due to attractive support tax. The government became worried about the increasing cost of the scheme. As a result, the government implemented tariff cuts of 65 percent. The first Feed-in tariff is Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) for renewable heat that was introduced globally in the year 2011. Later, the government declared that the RHI scheme would be extended to the 2021. As a result, the budget needs to be increased to 1.15 billion in the year 2021 (Cherrington et al. 2013). The recent change in the policy was mainly aimed to diminish the expenditure that was generated by the renewable energy support program. The policy changes also aimed at creating a policy framework that allows for a better cost and capacity control. This will in turn help to reduce the electricity bills of the customers (Smeed 2016). The PESTEL Analysis is a framework that is used to monitor the macro-environmental factors that has an impact on the organization. The essay will provide an overview about the impact of the Renewable energy policies of the UK on UAEs energy policy. Political factors are the long-term decline in the oil and gas fortune in the UK has led to the increase in the import of oil and gas. As a result, the UK needs to compete in the world market for its oil and gas requirements. On the other hand, renewable energy has become inexpensively attractive in the oil-rich United States of Arab. The UK thus needs to maintain a good relationship with UAE to fulfill its energy resources requirements. The supply of the energy resources in the UK can become a political issue in the future. The UAE also has the most ambitious renewable energy program. Hence, the UK can establish the Contract-for-Difference with UAE in order to get low cost benefits of energy resources (Yusuf et al. 2014). The drastic rise in the rate of unemployment in the UK is one of the most important economic factors that led to the decline in the consumption of energy. The energy prices also increased rapidly and as a result, the rate of inflation increased. In UAE, the waste-to-energy conversion has become profitable with natural gas prices above USD 8 per million British thermal units. Hence, the development has provided economic reasons for UAE to accelerate the development of renewable energy. The renewable energy is economically attractive in the UAE. In UAE, the increase in price of the natural gas and the decrease in the cost of renewable energy are the key drivers (Bosmans et al. 2013). The social factor that is militating the development of the renewable energy project is the problem in getting the planning permission. The renewable energy is considered as the solution to the climatic changes in the world. The UK and UAE needs to form an association of the Contract-for-Difference, with the help of which the UK will be able to affect UAE with the renewable resources. The UAE provides a strong support of its commitment in order to deliver the renewable energy and carbon reduction targets. The technological factors deal with the growing demand of the renewable energy that generates a need for the individuals with appropriate skills. The key stakeholders in the oil and the gas industry are the key player that leads to the development of the renewable energy sector. The company in the UK employs the latest technology and the skilled workers that leads to the technological development in the renewable energy resource (Kern et al. 2014). The environmental factor is that the success of the renewable energy is always questioned by its scope. However, UAE seems to be progressive on clean energy. The UAE leaders had announced a partnership with the UK to tackle the energy scarcity in the developing world. The Green code regulations developed by DEWA and Dubai Municipality aims at reducing the electrical energy. A project known as the Wind for Prosperity project will offer a carbon-free electricity. The carbon-free electricity will be mostly provided to the country that mostly uses the expensive diesel generators for power (Rakhshan et al. 2013). The legal factors that affect are the administrative obstacles in the form of protection zone. It is relatively low feed-in-tariffs. In the UK, the energy laws mainly govern the use as well as the taxation of energy. According to the UK renewable energy strategy, the electricity produced in 2015-2016 has been 25 percent, which has been more than its quota. The energy laws mainly includes the legal stipulation for oil, gas etc. The UAE also has some laws that are concerned with the energy mainly oil and gas law. As per the law, all the oil and gas wealth belongs to the government (Devine-Wright 2014). The government is also undertaking the renewable energy projects in UAE in order to free up oil and gas for export. This is also been done to meet the increasing demand of power and water. As per the reports, the UAE is one of the biggest renewable markets in the world. The UAE is also known to have a strong exposure to the unfavorable impact of the anthropogenic climate change. Hence, there is a strong demand for water in UAE. As a result, there will be a demand for electricity that will be mostly generated by the UK. A survey was conducted by electric utility week and it was found that today most of the customers are facing problem due to the high cost of energy (Al-Amir and Abu-Hijleh 2013). Both the UK and UAE had signed a fund mutually of 1 million for the purpose of research into renewable energy policy. The International Renewable Energy Association has established itself as an international base for energy knowledge in the year 2010. International Renewable Energy Association will act as a clearinghouse on the obtainable renewable energy technologies. The renewable policy that could be best suited for the renewable energy policy will be a mix policy system of FITs and Contract-for-Difference (CfD) creating Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) for the UAE (Tolba 2013). The UAE is also facing the first-ever shortage of low cost gas and consequently, UAE has been able to produce related gas for less than 2/MBtu3. Electricity demand in the UAE displays a robustly seasonal consequence due to the transform in ambient temperature and humidity. The power markets in the UAE are mostly described by the cogeneration for desalination. Conclusion It can be concluded that UAE is the third largest exporter of oil in the world and as a result. The renewable energy policies on present situation will help the UK to achieve its 2030 target and it will also create environment for UAE in power generation for all the member states. In UAE, the rise in price of the natural gas and the decrease in the cost of renewable energy are the major drivers. It has been found that the renewable energy has become inexpensively attractive in the oil-rich United States of Arab. References Al-Amir, J. and Abu-Hijleh, B., 2013. Strategies and policies from promoting the use of renewable energy resource in the UAE.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,26, pp.660-667. Batel, S. and Devine Wright, P., 2016. Energy colonialism and the role of the global in local responses to new energy infrastructures in the UK: A critical and exploratory empirical analysis.Antipode. Bosmans, A., Vanderreydt, I., Geysen, D. and Helsen, L., 2013. The crucial role of Waste-to-Energy technologies in enhanced landfill mining: a technology review.Journal of Cleaner Production,55, pp.10-23. Bunn, D. and Yusupov, T., 2015. The progressive inefficiency of replacing renewable obligation certificates with contracts-for-differences in the UK electricity market.Energy Policy,82, pp.298-309. Cherrington, R., Goodship, V., Longfield, A. and Kirwan, K., 2013. The feed-in tariff in the UK: a case study focus on domestic photovoltaic systems.Renewable Energy,50, pp.421-426. Devine-Wright, P. ed., 2014.Renewable Energy and the Public: from NIMBY to Participation. Routledge. Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H. and Blaabjerg, F., 2014. Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, pp.748-764. Gov.uk. (2015). Growing cooperation between UK and UAE on clean, renewable energy - News articles - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/growing-cooperation-between-uk-and-uae-on-clean-renewable-energy [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Jamil, M., Ahmad, F. and Jeon, Y.J., 2016. Renewable energy technologies adopted by the UAE: Prospects and challengesA comprehensive overview.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,55, pp.1181-1194. Kern, F., Kuzemko, C. and Mitchell, C., 2014. Measuring and explaining policy paradigm change: the case of UK energy policy.Policy politics,42(4), pp.513-530. Moran, T.H., 2015.Oil Prices and the Future of OPEC: The Political Economy of Tension and Stability in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Coutnries. Routledge. Onifade, T.T., 2016. Hybrid renewable energy support policy in the power sector: The contracts for difference and capacity market case study.Energy Policy,95, pp.390-401. Rakhshan, K., Friess, W.A. and Tajerzadeh, S., 2013. Evaluating the sustainability impact of improved building insulation: A case study in the Dubai residential built environment.Building and Environment,67, pp.105-110. Smeed, M. (2016). Renewable generation | Energy UK. [online] Energy-uk.org.uk. Available at: https://www.energy-uk.org.uk/energy-industry/renewable-generation.html [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Tolba, M.K., 2013.Sustainable development: Constraints and opportunities. Elsevier. Young, K.E., 2014. Clean, Mean and Dirty: Energy in the United Arab Emirates. InThe Political Economy of Energy, Finance and Security in the United Arab Emirates(pp. 78-101). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., Dauda, M., El-Berishy, N.M. and Cang, S., 2014. A relational study of supply chain agility, competitiveness and business performance in the oil and gas industry.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.531-543.

Sample Regents Text Analysis Essay - How to Write a Good One

Sample Regents Text Analysis Essay - How to Write a Good OneIf you have some time to spare and are interested in a well-written sample regents text analysis essay, it would be beneficial for you to find a tutor or source where you can get a sample analysis essay from. You can use the sample as a model for your own regents essay.You have to decide which method of analyzing regents will suit you best. There are different ways you can use depending on your needs. However, if you want to find a good article or sample analysis essay you must use the following three tips.First of all, you should know your requirements. How do you want to analyze regents? Do you need to read or analyze their speeches or write about their actions or just discuss their ideas? In this case, you need to find a suitable article that helps you to analyze properly.Second, what is more important is what you don't like about the problem. In the essay writing and the analysis of regents, you will see many negative th ings. You have to pay attention to them and try to improve these to make the regents essay readable and interesting.Third, analyze the contents of the sample regents text analysis essay very carefully. The first paragraph is not a complete summary of the problem or analysis.In order to sum up this, you should read the whole essay thoroughly. All the points in the essay should have your attention as you finish reading.These three tips will help you when writing an analytical essay. However, you should take time to learn how to analyze regents correctly before you start writing your own analysis essay.

The 54th Massachusetts The Doomed Assault On Fort Wagner Essay Sample free essay sample

The Assault on Fort Wagner has long been the topic of many treatments on the Civil War and is featured conspicuously in all books that have been written about the Civil War. The Assault on Fort Wagner has even been immortalized in the onscreen version entitledGlory. While there has been a batch of treatment with respect to the success of the 54ThursdayMassachusetts. which figured conspicuously in the Assault on Fort Wagner. the fact is that the assault was doomed from the beginning and that the Assault on Fort Wagner was unsuccessful ( Duncan 1999 ) . This short discourse will discourse why such an onslaught was unsuccessful and therefore demoing why the Assault by the 54ThursdayMassachusetts was doomed from the start. To better understand why the assault of the 54ThursdayMassachusetts on Fort Wagner was doomed it is of import to hold a brief treatment of the some of the events that transpired on that fatal twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on The 54th Massachusetts: The Doomed Assault On Fort Wagner Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page July 18. 1863. It was July 18. 1863 when General Quincy Gilmore decided to get down the assault against Fort Wagner on Morris Island ( Duncan 1999 ) . This was a important location because it guarded the Southern attacks to Charleston Harbor. The Fort was hard to assail straight because it was held by a fort of Confederate Infantry and Artillery and the Fort itself was protected by a narrow attack up the beach. To do affairs worse. the base on balls was constricted by a marshy brook which funneled the soldiers onto a strip of sand a few 100 pess broad doing them vulnerable to enemy fire. The Assault on Fort Wagner was led by the 54th Massachusetts. which was an experimental black regiment of free work forces from the North. This regiment was selected to ramp the forepart with the bayonets and rifles ( Duncan 1999 ) . The 54Thursdaywas suffered monolithic losingss because of their failure in destructing the sandbagged gun emplacements of the Fort. The assault led by the 54ThursdayMassachusetts was besides made more hard by the fact that they were under heavy fire from the heavy heavy weapon and the massed musketry. Soon after. the first S. C. Artillery positioned itself on the right wing of the garrison. in the sand dunes. in order to be able to brush the forepart wall of the Fort with Cannister. The drawn-out manus to manus contending that ensued was fierce after which the Federal military personnels were ordered to retreat because of the heavy losingss that they suffered. The backdown of the Federal Troops left Fort Wagner in the custodies of the Confederates ( Wise 1994 ) . At this point it becomes clear that the Assault on Fort Wagner was sick conceived and ill planned as manifested. non merely by the immense losingss that were suffered but besides by subsequent backdown of the Federal Troops ( Wise 1994 ) . There are two chief grounds why the assault of the 54ThursdayMassachusetts failed. There was a failure to appreciate the fact that Fort Wagner was strategically located and thereby leting a comparatively little force in comparing to support it against the foot and there was the failure to supply more support for the doomed 54ThursdayMassachusetts ( Wise 1994 ) . The first ground was that Fort Wagner was a to the full enclosed and good defended garrison. It spanned 250 by 100 paces and covered the full southern cervix of Cumming’s Point from the Atlantic on the Eastern side to an unpassable swamp on the Western side ( Emilio 1894 ) . The garrison was an baronial figure as its sloping sand and earthen parapets rose about 30 ( 30 ) pess above the beach degree and each side was bolstered by palmetto logs and sandbags. The defences of Fort Wagner included 14 ( 14 ) cannons. the largest of which was a 10-inch Columbiad that fired a 128-pound shell ( Emilio 1894 ) . The chief characteristic that made any land assault on the garrison hard was the fact that the fort’s land face. which was the lone topographic point where any Union assault would come from. was screened by a water-filled ditch. which was 10 pess broad and 5 pess deep. There were besides land mines that were buried along the attack and the razor-sharp palmetto bets that we re set up provided extra obstructions. This made any foot assault on the Fort doomed from the start ( Emilio 1894 ) . This was the bloody lesson that General Gilmore learned as it took about two months of uninterrupted combat and changeless barrage before Fort Wagner was eventually surrendered by the Confederates. Any direct assault on the Fort. such as the one initiated by the 54ThursdayMassachusetts. would be mostly ineffective against such a good defended location that besides had the geographical advantage ( Emilio 1894 ) . The 2nd ground for the failure of the assault of the 54ThursdayMassachusetts was the fact that they were the front line against a enemy that was non yet weakened ( Cox 1891 ) . While there was artillery support from the SSNew Ironsides.which was a virtually a natation gun platform encased in Fe. the narrow attack to the garrison made any direct assault upon it virtually doomed. The 54Thursdaywas the vanguard of the Union onslaught force and as such was expected to endure the most casualties. The heavy weapon barrage that had commenced before had made any promotion by the 54Thursdayhighly hard as the fosse was now filled with sand. while elsewhere the H2O was knee- to-waist-deep ( Cox 1891 ) . The 54Thursdaywas hence up against all odds and the lone ground why the full regiment was non decimated is a testament to the character and strength of those courageous soldiers. The assault on Fort Wagner by the 54ThursdayMassachusetts was doomed from the start. As the vanguard for the Union. this regiment was expected to absorb the brunt of the guardians onslaughts. They were commissioned and positioned to endure most of the losingss. The heavy weapon barrage that was meant to impart support was ineffective at that point in the assault and merely served to do things more hard of the 54Thursday. The garrison was besides excessively good defended and had the strategic advantage of higher land and holding merely a individual narrow attack that could easy be defended against any direct onslaught which was shown by the failure of the 54ThursdayMassachusetts. Mentions Cox. Clinton ( 1891 ) .Undying Glory: The narrative of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment. Boston: The Boston Book Company. 1891 Duncan. Russell ( 1999 ) .Where Death and Glory Meet: Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. University of Georgia Press. 1999. Emilio. Luis F. ( 1894 ) .A Brave Black Regiment: The History of the 54th Massachusetts. 1863-1865. Da Capo Press. 1894. Wise. Stephen R. ( 1994 ) .â€Å"Gate of Hell. Campaign for Charleston Harbor. 1863† .U. S. C. Press. 1994.

The long run effect of the Eurozone crisis in Germany and Greece

The long run effect of the Eurozone crisis in Germany and Greece Introduction The European financial crisis, which is mostly referred to as the Euro crisis, is an economic term that depicts the economic status of most European countries. The Eurozone crisis started in the year 2009 when most countries in Europe exceeded their spending limits and embarked on borrowing mostly from the European Central Bank (ECB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The long run effect of the Eurozone crisis in Germany and Greece specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most countries affected by the Europe crisis were members of the EU including France, Germany, Italy, and Greece among others. The crisis followed after the introduction of the Euro currency to be used as a common trading currency among members of the European Union that excluded countries like the Great Britain. The Euro crisis was instigated by reducing the bank lending rate meant to steer economic growth, but most of the countries could not repay these loans. The countries defaulted to repay back the loans. Thus, the European Central Bank was left to struggle to keep the economy of Europe in the worst case scenario since 1998 when the global crisis emerged (Arestis 2012). The existence of the European Union was threatened by this crisis as the banking lending rates became very low. This could stall economic growth thereby instigating loss of jobs in Europe when companies are forced to limit their spending just to keep afloat. Stringent measures had to be thought out quickly as it required the intervention of economic giants like the US and Germany. This was meant to help avert the crisis that would lead to another global financial crisis. Countries like Greece were on the verge of defaulting to repay some of the loans lend out by the ECB and IMF. Thus, the intervention of Germany to help in stimulating the economy of Greece to help it repay the loan was crucial (OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 2011, 2011). The Solow growth model The Solow growth model is an economic graph that examines economic growth by checking how factors like production, population and capital affect the economy. Factors of production like capital and labour affect production in terms of volume and quality. Consumption of goods forms a part of the equation. In this case, demand and supply forces determine the cost of production. The Solow model is represented by the following equation. Y = c + I, where y represents the production function in an economy, c represents consumption, whereas the I represent investments. The Solow model can be represented by the graph below.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the graph, it is clear that the higher the economy’s output, the greater the amount of investment. In the case of Greece, the government should increase the level of national output to stabilize the economy. In turn, this will increase the level of investment and thus leading to increased production. A country’s level of output is determined by the input factors. These are factors present in the country where capital and labour resources need to be well utilized to increase the level of output. The Solow growth model can indicate that German has put in place good production resources. Thus, the economy of the country is stabilizing while else the economy of Greece seems to stagnate. A country’s growth is determined by its production and how the production is integrated into its input such as labour and capital. The population in a country provides manpower that helps the industries to operate efficiently. The capital is used to set up a new production line that will help the country to experience growth. The Eurozone Crisis German is known to have a stable economy where any decline in the lending rates could affect the e conomy of the country. The government of Germany has set good and solid financial policies that shield the country’s economy from major global financial crisis. However, the Eurozone crisis happened right in the middle of the country’s major trade partners and thus the value of export in the country could be reduced. Thus, to the emergence of a single currency to be used by members of the European Union the effect of the Eurozone crisis would affect adversely on the members of this union. The Eurozone crisis would spell out a weak Euro currency, which would have a long term effect on the economy of Europe. The economy would reverse due to closure of businesses and companies as they try to cut down on the spending through employee lay off and reduced sale value (Great Britain 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The long run effect of the Eurozone crisis in Germany and Greece specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A strong currency would spell out economic growth where countries would experience an economic boom. Thus, the countries would increase the level of their export, and the government would collect high revenue. In the short run, the bailing out of most of the countries would spell out a relief to the economy of Europe where the central bank would be required to print more money to help in repaying some of these loans. However, in the long run, the inflation in Europe would sky rocket registering double digits. This will finally affect the global economy leading to adverse effects on the running of major governments and businesses. The economy of Greece was on the verge of collapse, and as a result of the Eurozone crisis, the country’s economy was in huge trouble. This would affect other countries in Europe (Petrakis 2011). Thus, proper policies from countries like Italy and Spain were to be implemented to help avert the situation in Greece. Greece would have resulted t o more borrowing and accumulate the international debt further and thus slow down their economic growth or even resort to the printing of money, and this would raise the rate of inflation in the country (Siebert 2005). The Eurozone crisis would spell out a sovereign financial crisis to major economies in Europe. Here, they would lose investors, and the Euro currency would fall in value affecting most export from Europe. This will also increase the governments spending as they try to avert the crisis. The value of the Euro would fall amid fears from major world currencies like the US dollar and the sterling pound (Lynn 2011). Thus, the effect of the Eurozone crisis would not only affect Greece and Germany, but other countries in the world would also be affected negatively. The economy of most European countries sustains many countries, especially in Africa and Asia. These are countries that rely a lot on the trading of the Euro and the financial capability of the European Central Ban k to help in money lending and foreign exchange rates to stabilize. The effects of the Eurozone crisis are more profound on the running of the economy of countries like Germany and Greece. The value of the Euro was mostly set out to match the value of the Deutschmark, which was the most stable currency in Europe. Thus, the economy of Germany mostly depends on the value of the Euro (Raussello 2012). The German central bank also referred to as the Bundesbank acted as preservation of the Euro. The bank sought to clear the Eurozone crisis through the economic stimulus program.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was designed to help most European countries to steer to better economic growth and preserve the value of the Euro. The Euro is highly recognized as a strong trading currency due to its capability and power to trade in different countries around Europe. Thus, any fall in the global market would adversely affect the Euro plus other major currencies in the world (Rogers 2012). The demand of the Euro would reduce if its value declined and this would affect the international trade in Europe that relies mostly on the export of industrial goods and services. Third party governments had to intervene and help in financing these loans. This was due to the effect that some governments could not repay or finance some of the debt they owed to the major world financial institution. Some of the countries that were unable to finance their debts include Greece. In the case of Greece, there was the intervention from countries like German (Fiorentini Montani 2012). The government of German was willing to bail out some of these governments. This was to be taken as a policy to address the crisis, which would have an adverse effect on the economy of many European countries in the long run. Sluggish economic growth in many European countries would even shake stable economies like Germany and Spain. Thus, as a caution to shield their economy from the crisis, the government of these countries resolved to help avert the crisis effects. This was especially the case in other countries like Greece, which were not in a position to finance its foreign debt (Fiorentini Montani 2012). The Eurozone crisis has had adverse effects on the economy of Germany and Greece and not to mention the effect it has had on the economy of Europe and the world. The loss of investors as a result of weak Euro will affect the GDP of most European countries. The effect of the Eurozone crisis in Greece would be adverse and considerably profound due to its inability to finance some of its foreign debts. In t his case, the government would be forced to borrow significantly to repay a part of this loan. The financial position of the country would be on the decline as many jobs would be lost as a result of the financial meltdown. The government would resort to either print extra money or borrow from other sources. In turn, this would increase the money supply within the economy thus raising the level of inflation. Inflation in the country would spell a low bargaining power of the goods and services in the country. International trade would be adversely affected as the countrys goods would fetch low prices on the market due to low currency value in the country (Hardach 1980). The country’s import would cost the country more money as compared to a situation with a strong currency. The country would be spending more than its capacity for the same goods and services. The level of unemployment would increase as most companies would be involved in labour restructuring as a result of cutti ng costs in the country. The government should give relief to the laid off workers when the level of unemployment increases. In this case, the revenue collected from the tax would also decline resulting in low economic growth (Farnsworth Irving 2011). The long run effect of the Eurozone crisis on the economy of German would be a reduced economic growth. In this case, considerable funds would be directed to countries like Greece, which have defaulted in paying their foreign debt. The country’s government would resort to issuing of tax relief to some of its companies that may be affected by the low value of the Euro. The low value of the Euro would affect local industries that produce goods and services for export. Here, their sales would decline due to low currency value thus leading to the lay off some of the workers as a cost cutting mechanism in order to remain in business (Habermas Cronin 2012). The countrys lending rate would go down. This will adversely affect the econ omic growth in the long run as the government tries to revive some of the companies to enhance borrowing in order to stay in business. The government would resort to privatization of some of its assets as it tries to offset some of the deficits it may incur in the process. The country had to budget for over 110 billion Euros to bail out Greece and other countries that had a problem in meeting up the loan repayment. Such financial budgets can affect both the country that is bailing out, and the beneficiary as more stringent measures could be issued to avert the whole situation (Arestis Sawyer 2012). There were various solutions to the Eurozone crisis where major economies in Europe like German, Spain and Italy resolved to help countries like Greece that had problems in repaying their foreign debts in time. The country had to privatize most of its assets as a means of payment for the bail out. This would also help restore the country’s economy, which was on the verge of collap se (Lipschitz McDonald 1990). This will also stimulate economic growth within the next few years. The country had to implement a complete restructuring of its financial reforms so as to stimulate competitiveness and economic growth. The reforms would help in steering the economy to greater heights and project government initiated investment into the economy. The economy could be improved by issuing government bonds to raise more funds and service the loan without having much effect on the value of the Euro. The bail out would help Greece to reduce a part of its foreign debt by over a half. This would help the country to increase its GDP through increased investment and strengthening of the countrys economic growth rate to a great extent (Baldwin, Gros Laeven, 2010). Conclusion The Euro crisis is said to have emanated from various countries in Europe. These are countries that had defaulted in paying their public debt. This led to a fall in value of the Euro currency. Countries like German, which have had strong and stable economic growth characterized by strong, financial capability, resolved to bail out some of these countries that had un-serviced foreign debt accumulating to millions of dollars. These defaulting countries included Greece that had a foreign debt amounting to more than 110 billion Euros. Most industries in the country were on the verge of collapse and thus required an economic stimulus package to help revive the economy back again. The long term effects of the crisis are still being experienced in these countries as they try to revive the value of the Euro for competitive trading. Reference List Arestis, P Sawyer, MC 2012, The Euro crisis, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke Hampshire. Arestis, P 2012. The Euro crisis, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Baldwin, RE, Gros, D Laeven, L 2010, Completing the Eurozone rescue: what more needs to be done? Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Farnsworth, K Irving, Z 2011, Social poli cy in challenging times: economic crisis and welfare systems, Policy, Bristol. Fiorentini, R Montani, G 2012. The new global political economy: from crisis to supranational integration, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Glos, UK. Great Britain 2012, Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance: impact on the eurozone and the rule of law: sixty-second report of session 2010-12. Vol. 1, Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence, Stationery Office, London. Habermas, J Cronin, C 2012. The crisis of the European Union: a response, Polity, Cambridge, UK. Hardach, K 1980, The political economy of Germany in the twentieth century, Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. Lipschitz, L McDonald, D 1990, German unification: economic issues, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. Lynn, M 2011. Bust: Greece, the Euro, and the Sovereign Debt Crisis, Hoboken, Bloomberg Press, N.J. OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 2011 2011, OECD, Paris. Petrakis, P 2011. The Greek Economy Afte r the Crisis: Challenges and Responses, Springer Berlin, Berlin. Raussello, F 2012, The Eurozone experience: monetary integration in the absence of a European government, F. Angeli, Milano. Rogers, C 2012, The IMF and European economies: crisis and conditionality, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills Basingstoke. Siebert, H 2005, The German economy beyond the social market. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.

Chapter 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 9 - Essay Example The environment itself as the public sees it is what is around us. We see that we have a responsibility not to destroy it. It is where we live and what supports our life and all of the life around us. We also have a social responsibility but it is different in many ways. 2. Everywhere there is an abundance of the leftovers of business and our town is no exception. This includes wood, cans, paper, and plastic to name a few. There is smoke from smokestacks and pollution from vehicles getting there and transporting. There are many recycling efforts in play especially for cans, paper and plastic. Most of the companies that bring things in on pallets allow people to use the wood for projects and for burning if they wish so that helps. The air pollutions does not seem to be dealt with a lot though the water is being recycled as much as possible. 3. The issue of global warming is tremendously large. There are many things affecting it. Those countries that were not industrialized before are and the carbon products they are putting in the air are quite large. The rain forests that have filtered the air for generations are being removed for people to live there. There are more cars on the road in more countries than ever before. The ice sheets are melting, the permafrost is melting. It is a giant problem.

Changing organizations is as messy as it is exhilarating, as Essay

Changing organizations is as messy as it is exhilarating, as frustrating as it is satisfying, as muddling-through and creative a process as it is a rational one - Essay Example Main objective of change management is to increase profitability and decrease impediments (Blokdijk, 2008, p. 43). Organizations commit different types of changes such as substantial, transformational and incremental. In 2005, Research scholars have pointed out that changes can be broadly dissected into three parts such as strategic, tactical and operational (DuBrin, 2011, pp. 117-119). Study shows that companies can decide to go through change management process in order to address various external factors like changing purchasing behaviour of customers, need of implanting latest technology in order to retain competitive position in the market, fluctuation in supply and demand while other organizations feel the urge of change management in order to address internal factors like value chain integration, corporate restructuring, product market strategy etc. At some point of time all the organizations face the urge of changing existing corporate structure, human resource strategy or bu siness process. In 1996, Kotter has pointed out that although many organizations fail to incorporate change successfully but still it is the most significant issue for an organization (Kotter, 1996). This study is influenced by exhilarating nature of change process. Organizations need to uproot many of the existing systems ruthlessly in order to make room for change process hence the essay will try to shed some lights on various aspects of organisational dynamics in order to interpret role of organization dynamics in strategic change management. The study will analyze various organizations on the ground of threats, opportunities, context and emerging issues of strategic change management. It is evident from current practices that implementing change in business process is challenging task for organizations hence the essay will miss a great opportunity if it fails shed light on challenges associated with change management process. Challenges come in triplet structure

Physics Behind the Dambuster’s Bouncing Bomb

Physics Behind the Dambuster’s Bouncing Bomb Brookie Trant Introduction The Dambuster Raid and the bouncing bomb played a key role in WW2. The aim was to disrupt industrial productivity of Germany. The Raid was also a well-publicised success story when Britain was stretched to breaking point during the war. The bomb was used to destroy the Mohne and the Edersee Dams and flood the Ruhr Valley, thereby destroying a large proportion of the Germans manufacturing power; thus having the desired knock on effects for the German war effort. The bomb was initially conceived by Dr Barnes Wallis in April 1942 in a paper he wrote called ‘spherical bomb – surface torpedo’[1]. The concept was then taken up by Air Chief Marshal the Hon Sir Ralph Cochrane of the Royal Air Force a strong advocate of precision bombing. Also important to bringing the concept to fruition was Air Marshal Arthur Harris commander of Bomber Command. Through these influential commanders Wallis’ idea was brought to a committee and it given the go ahead. Wallis faced a range of practical issues such as: the size-to-weight ratio of the bomb with the ability of the aircraft to physically lift and deliver it; how much backspin was needed to be imparted to the bomb in order for it to have a controlled and accurate flight; speed of flight; height from which to drop it and the velocity of the aircraft at point of delivery. All these factors needed to be understood and overcome in order that the bomb could be delivered to the optimum point on the dam wall and then detonated. In answering this question this study will consider four key factors: the weapon design, the delivery of the weapon, the detonation and how all of these had a great enough affect to destroy the dam. It is useful at this point to qualify the definition of the bouncing bomb. The use of bouncing to describe the Operation Chastise bomb is loose. The physics of bouncing by definition requires a level of elasticity which as the object hits a solid, a fluid or a powder results in a permanent or non-permanent change in the objects form (elasticity). This doesn’t occur with the ‘bouncing’ bomb. It is better to define the Chastise Bomb as ricocheting but for the purpose of this study the phrase bouncing bomb will be used[2]. Weapon Design This was where the bomb started. A key area which needed to be addressed was the shape of the bomb. This had a major role in providing a reliable and successful bomb. This section explains the reasoning behind the cylindrical shape and how this affected the bombs delivery. The shape of the bomb was a key issue. Wallis’ initial trials used spherical models, so that identical contact with the water would be made throughout its flight; however the bounces were often too unpredictable due to release and water surface conditions. Therefore, to achieve greater stability Wallis experimented with a cylindrical bomb. This negated the unpredictability but did not stabilise the issues of trajectory and keeping it level. He realised that by using backspin these problems could be overcome. Backspin was also a key aspect in the delivery of the weapon to the detonation point. This vital aspect will be further discussed in this study in the delivery method section. Once at the point of detonation the bomb was required to explode underwater. On explosion a shock wave would be created, enough to destabilise the dam wall. The weight of water would then provide the breach. Wallis started with trying to find the correct measurements for the amount of explosive needed to breech the dam. He used a model on a scale of 1/17 of the real thing. He then used 100g of gelignite 1.2m away from the wall giving the same effect as a 10 tonne bomb 60m away from the dam. This had no effect. He continued his trials until he achieved 150g of explosive 0.3m away from the dam, which meant that he had to use 13 tonnes of explosive 15m away from the dam. When scaled back up, this would need 18 tonnes of casing which would give a 31 tonne bomb to match the effect required. This was a significantly larger bomb that could be dropped by the aircraft to be used. It was clear that he would have to find a different method. He reduced the mass to 4.3 tonnes and would use multip le bombs to breech the dam[3]. The final dimensions of the bomb were 60 inches long and 50 inches wide[4]. This is roughly 1.52m in length and 1.27m in width, with a final weight of 9,250[5]. See figure 1. Delivery Method His next problem was working out speed of the bombs, how far above the surface they needed to be dropped, the distance from the dam and the best way to control the skips of the bomb. His first trials were conducted in his garden at home. He fired marbles across a bucket of water to see whether it would bounce off the surface. It worked and he could control the skip by adjusting the catapult. He now needed to discover if he could control the bomb when it was using multiple skips. For this he needed a slightly larger apparatus and used a huge ship tank at Teddington. Starting with a spherical bomb, he tested different size-to-weight ratios and by using backspin he could control the bounces. This also helped the bomb to sink in a predictable manner when it reached the wall. Here he had success, however Wallis found the flight of the bomb was often unpredictable. He found if he increased the mass significantly it became more stable however for reasons already stated a larger bomb was impractical. Wallis had realised that stability could be achieved by using a cylindrical casing and imparting backspin. This would keep the barrel on its axis and stop it from tilting and therefore follow its correct trajectory. Much like a child’s spinning-top toy, the more backspin you gave the bomb the harder it would be to knock it off its axis, this is angular momentum (this is explained in the paragraph below). He tested the idea in the tank trying out the different revolutions. He also found that by varying the size-to-weight ratio of the cylinders he could keep a 5 ton barrel level on the water and then get it to spin down the dam once it hit the water[6]. Also by rapidly spinning the device backwards this would counteract the forward velocity of the aircraft. Wallis calculated how many bounces would be required before reaching the dam. This calculation needed to include the drop distance from the dam, the elevation of the aircraft and its forward velocity. Importantly with each bo unce the bomb would slow due to the viscosity of the water and the drag effect that it had. Using this equation Wallis was able to calculate the speed of the spin to ensure that the bomb had slowed down to almost zero velocity by the time it reached the dam[7]. He measured that the cylinder would need to be going at 450 to 500 revolutions per minute2 in order to achieve this effect. Angular momentum has the same role as linear momentum but in rotation. The equation for angular momentum is. The equation for linear momentum is â€Å"†. In the equation for angular momentum the ‘I’ replaces the ‘m’ and the ‘ω’ replaces the ‘v’. The ‘I’ is the moment of inertia which is an objects reluctance to change its state of rotational motion[8]. The equation for the moment of inertia changes with the different shapes it is acting on. For a cylinder the moment of inertia is. This meant that by increasing the mass and the radius the moment of inertia will increase making it more stable. However Wallis was restricted by the size of the planes and their ability to carry a heavy bomb. So he used the largest diameter as possible and then put the majority of the weight of the bomb as close to the edge of the cylinder as possible. This way it would have the same effect as a flywheel giving the barrel lots of m omentum. The ‘ω’ is the angular velocity which is how quick the cylinder is rotating its unit is rad s-1. The equation for ω is which shows as you increase the frequency then the ω will increase by a considerable amount. When you put the moment of inertia and angular velocity together you get the angular momentum of a rotating object. It also shows you that by increasing the angular velocity makes it much more difficult to knock the barrel off its axis. Going back to the spinning top the faster you spin it the more difficult it becomes to knock it over. This is what gave the bouncing bomb a clean flight and made sure that it remained on course and didn’t tilt off its axis. The backspin had a secondary effect. By dropping the bomb without backspin the device would naturally receive a turning effect through the horizontal axis in the opposite direction; the net result of this would be that the bomb would not slow in a uniform or predictable manner and therefore likely skip out over the dam rather than slowing and dropping down the inside face. Forward spinning the bomb would have a similar effect to that experienced by a bicycle wheel being rolled at a curb. It wants to keep going[9]. There is a third effect achieved by imparting backspin. This is the key relationship that Wallis would have been aware of and used to calculate speed, height and turning effect. This effect is the Kuttas Lift Theorem or the Kutta–Joukowski Theorem. Developed by German Martin Wihelm Kutta and Russian Nikolai Zhukovsky (Joukowski), in the early twentieth century, the theorem demonstrates the aerodynamic relationship between lift, speed of a rotating cylinder and density of the substance it is moving through (air or fluid)[10]. This theorem sometimes known as the Magnus effect when applied to the conditions of the Dam Buster raid allowed the bomb to ‘crawl’ down the face of the dam wall. The water surrounding the cylinder in conjunction with the back rotation caused striking hydrodynamic forces that pulled the bomb back towards the wall[11]. As seen in figure 2. All three of these effects were identified, quantified, understood and overcome by Wallis, through his thorough trials and experiments and his deep knowledge of physics. Detonation Mechanism The aim of Operation Chastise was to blow up the dam; the easiest way to do this would be to blow the explosive charge on the water side of the dam at the optimum depth. This would make the most of the explosive power. With the weight of the water behind the explosion, it would increase the affect of the force of the bomb. This weight would pressure the dam to breaking through whatever weaknesses had been caused by the initial force of the bomb. The bomb contained three hydrostatic pistols which measured the water pressure as the bomb sank, the bomb would then detonate at a depth of 30 feet. It also had a time fuse that would detonate after 90 seconds as a backup. This was reasonably well developed technology drawn from the experiences of the First World War naval fighting and the ongoing anti-submarine war effort. In essence the hydrostatic pressure, used in the hydrodynamic pistol, increases uniformly according to the simplified equation of P = p g h (where P is hydrostatic pressur e, p is the fluid density (kg/m3), g is gravity and h is height of the water)[12]; the change in the hydrostatic pressure would trigger the hydrodynamic pistol to explode at a depth of 30 feet (9.14m)[13]. Target Effect Once delivered to the detonation point against the dam wall at the correct depth the weapon exploded. This maximised the benefits of the bubble pulse effect typical of underwater explosions, greatly increasing its effectiveness of the explosion and the pressure. The dam wasn’t going to fall by just using the explosive power of the TNT and RDX applied to the external wall of the dam, but by using the pressure of 30 foot (9.14m) of water pressing down on the explosion. The initial force exerted by the exploding bomb was meant to weaken the dam; the water would do the rest. Compared to air water has a significantly higher density than air. Water has a higher quotient of inertia than air. Although this makes water more difficult to move it does mean that it is an excellent conductor of shock waves from an explosion. The damage achieved by these shock waves will be amplified by the subsequent physical movement of water and by the repeated secondary shockwaves or â€Å"bubble pulse †[14]. The small seemingly insignificant cracks formed by the bomb would then be exploited by the water forcing the gaps to get larger until the point where the dam couldn’t hold it any longer. The dam then crumbled. The equation for pressure is (P=pressure, F=force, A=area) this can be rearranged to give this shows us that the pressure will make a huge difference to the force of the explosion. Summary In summarising this study of the physics behind the dam buster raid it is important to recognise the breadth of Barnes Wallis’s experimentation and trials. He overcame the issues of weapon design: its explosive effect and detonation method and issues of casing; the delivery method in terms of speed, height and skip effect; the detonation method; and then the weapon effect on the target. A clear understanding physics and a deep understanding of fluid mechanics, hydrodynamic pressure and the crucial consequence of Magnus Effect were essential for Wallis’s concept to succeed. Bibliography 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_bomb I used wikipedia just to gain some background knowledge and to use in my introduction. 2 Johnson, W. (1998). Ricochet of non-spinning projectiles, mainly from water Part I: Some historical contributions. International Journal of Impact Engineering (UK: Elsevier) – this was from the same Wikipedia page but the extract was taken from this paper written by W. Johnson. 3 http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~stinner/stinner/pdfs/1989-dambusters.pdf this is another paper on the bouncing bomb providing information on the facts and figures on the bomb 4 http://everything2.com/title/bouncing+bomb again this is just facts about the bouncing bomb itself 5 http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/617-squadron-and-the-dams-raid/designing-the-upkeep-mine.aspx another with facts an about the bombs dimensions and weight ect. 6 http://simscience.org/fluid/red/DamBusters.html this is a paper for those doing a-level so has very relevant information on it and is a reliable source 7 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards#slide=16article=Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards this is using Wikipedia again but it is a general statement so not needing a confirmation reference 8 Advanced Physics (p.101/105) – this is a book used in the physics a-level it gives a great level of understanding and was a very useful book when wanting to look beyond the syllabus 9 A.M. Kuethe and J.D. Schetzer (1959), Foundations of Aerodynamics, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York ISBN 0-471-50952-3. – this is a book and it explains basic aerodynamics which can also be related to the forces acting on an object in fluid which is the context used in this essay 10 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357684/Magnus-effect this briefly explains the Magnus effect which is used when the bomb is trying to sink down the dam face 11 Pascal’s law – found on http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pascal-laws-d_1274.html 12 http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/dambusters.htm information about the bomb. 13 Fox, Robert; McDonald, Alan; Pritchard, Philip (2012). Fluid Mechanics (8 ed.). John Wiley Sons – another book used briefly to explain how the bomb created a large enough force to break the dam. [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_bomb [2] Johnson, W. (1998). Ricochet of non-spinning projectiles, mainly from water Part I: Some historical contributions. International Journal of Impact Engineering (UK: Elsevier) [3] http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~stinner/stinner/pdfs/1989-dambusters.pdf [4] http://everything2.com/title/bouncing+bomb [5] http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/617-squadron-and-the-dams-raid/designing-the-upkeep-mine.aspx [6] http://simscience.org/fluid/red/DamBusters.html [7]http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards#slide=16article=Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards [8] Advanced Physics (p.101) [9]http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards#slide=16article=Why_did_Barnes_Wallace_decide_to_spin_the_dambusters_bomb_backwards [10] A.M. Kuethe and J.D. Schetzer (1959), Foundations of Aerodynamics, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York ISBN 0-471-50952-3. [11] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357684/Magnus-effect [12] Pascal’s law [13] http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/dambusters.htm [14]Fox, Robert; McDonald, Alan; Pritchard, Philip (2012). Fluid Mechanics (8 ed.). John Wiley Sons.