Essay of leotard in spanish Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of leotard in spanish - Essay Example conozca una persona ya que esta en una posicion de poder alla. Lyotard es una persona influencial en terminos de haber influido los filosofos que querian tratar de examinar sus teorias. El postmodernismo de Lyotard es un gran tema en la linea de filosofos que filosofizaban sobre el postmodernismo. Lyotard es conocido por su influencia en haber influido no solamente el discurso de la ciencia. Tambien es conocido por su conocimiento del postmodernismo en las otras materias de las matematicas y tambien en los artes liberales. Todas estas areas se han desarrollados por la manera de la influencia que tenia Jean Francois Lyotard. Su contribuido a estas tres areas se ha revolucionado la manera en que vemos la materia de la filosofia. Tambien vemos a la materia del postmodernismo diferentemente tambien. Sin embargo, el modo en que el se ha contribuido a la materia de la filosofia no tiene precio. Gracias a el, tenemos una definicion funcional del postmodernismo como relata a las disciplinas de la ciencia, las matematicas, y los artes liberales.

TeAchnology, Inc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TeAchnology, Inc - Assignment Example The author of the paper tells that to comply with the requirements of the Web Resource and Web 2.0 Learning Tool assessment, the site of TeAchnology is WebQuest hosting eg Zunal located at http://www.teach-nology.com/web_tools/web_quest/. The site provides various opportunities for both teaching and learning through accessing websites designed for diverse learning objectives. As indicated, there is a two-fold goal of the site: â€Å"to provide a reservoir of online resources for educators to access at any time and to provide effective tools for designing instruction that is time and energy saving†. There are several printable materials on the site (9,000 completely free printables). The general headings ready for access include worksheets, lesson plans, rubrics, teacher resources, printables, subjects, tools, tips, and membership. The site likewise offers email newsletters and favorite teacher resources that have options to access graphic organizers, English and math worksheet s, study skills, teacher forum, and timesaver. Diverse membership offers to include gold, platinum, silver, and supreme where access to diverse learning modules differs depending on preference and requirements. This learning resource is applicable for Kindergarten through High School teachers. According to the site, apart from teaching and learning skills for kindergarten to high school levels, the following services are likewise offered, to wit: â€Å"professional development consultations designed to support K-12 schools efforts to implement programs integrating technology in teaching; original content and software products designed to provide teachers with tools for creating instructional materials; original publications created by experienced educators for other educators; and reasonably priced membership programs†.

Example Reflective Essay using Rolfe Reflective Model

Example Reflective Essay using Rolfe Reflective Model This reflective essay will adopt Rolfes model of reflection, (Rolfe, G et al. 2001) which was derived from Bortons developmental model. (Boyd E et al. 1983) The scenario is presented as Appendix 1 and the patient has been anonymised as Lee in accordance with the NMC guidelines (NMC 2008) What? When analysed in overview, one can note that the main issues contained in this scenario are that a schizophrenic patient, who may therefore be psychotic, who is certainly confused due to his metabolic disturbances (hyponatraemia) and possibly idiopathic confusion, has made an allegation of physical assault against another staff member. The patient is also forgetful and the event happened three days ago. Clearly the incident cannot be confidently verified at this stage and there is a question as to whether the patient is reliable in making this allegation. Analysis revolves around my reflection on the actions that I took and whether they could be considered appropriate or capable of improvement. My role in the situation was that I was the recipient of the allegation. Having heard the allegation, I tried to make sense of it. On the one hand I was aware of the seriousness of the allegation if it were true, and therefore I was also aware of the potential harm that an untrue allegation could cause to the professional integrity of the ‘Special‘ who was involved. I was obviously aware of Lees potential for confusion and psychosis, but I was also impressed by the apparent veracity of his recollection and also by the fact that he started to cry when he was recounting it. (Nicol M N et al. 2004) On balance, I did believe his account of the situation. I therefore felt that I had a moral and professional duty to escalate the complaint to the Senior Ward Sister. After a period of discussion with the Ward Sister, I filled in an Incident Report Form (IR1), which was then forwarded to the hospital management. After the event, I experienced a period of prolonged self-examination. I was concerned in case I had inadvertently been party to a false allegation and considered further the consequences for the ‘Special involved. After a period of intense reflection, I concluded that I was right to take the action that I did, both because of my professional duty to ‘do my best for the patient but also because I was acting as the patients advocate in these circumstances, which seemed entirely appropriate. (Brooke C et al. 2007) The response of the Ward Sister seemed entirely appropriate. I believe that she went and spoke to Lee herself and determined that there was sufficient evidence to make the reporting of the incident (IR1) appropriate. This reassured me greatly. The Ward Sister also discussed the ethics and implications of the situation with me, which was both professionally helpful and considerate, as she could see that I was unclear about what I should do in these circumstances. In any reflective process, one also has to consider the feelings of the patient. In this case Lee did appear to be pleased that he was being taken seriously, but his fluctuating lucidity meant that further questioning did not clarify the situation any further. He certainly appeared to be pleased when he was told that the ‘special would not be assigned to him again. So what? The theoretical elements of the analysis of this situation are straightforward. Jasper, in his erudite series of analyses (Jasper M 2007), acknowledges that part of the responsibility of being a professional practitioner is to ensure that you give the best care possible to your patients or clients. In an analysis of a similar situation, the author is unequivocal in his assessment that the professional duty of the nurse is to share such reports of possible patient abuse with their immediate superior. Even if the patient is ‘of reduced capacity or ‘of questionable reliability (Jasper M 2007 Pg 36), they should therefore considered ‘vulnerable in the professional sense, and offered greater, not less, protection. An ethical analysis would suggest that the nurse should invoke the Principle of Non-Malificence, which was derived from the often quoted dictum of Hippocrates, which stated that one should â€Å"first do no harm†. (Carrick P 2000). This Principle stated that healthcare professionals must ensure that their patients are not harmed, nor will come to harm. (van Uffelen J G Z et al. 2008). I did consider the possibility of speaking to the ‘Special in an unofficial capacity, but came to the conclusion, that there was nothing that they could say which would change the proper course of action. This concurs with the opinion of Tschudin who analyses a number of similar situations. (Tschudin, V 2003). This level of analysis gave me a deeper insight into the situation and reinforced my initial conclusions relating to the proper and appropriate course of action. Now what? Given the fact that Lee had reported a possible episode of abuse, it seems entirely appropriate that it would be properly investigated. The action of the Sister in removing the ‘Special from caring for Lee also seemed appropriate and proportionate. It may have been considered more appropriate to suspend the ‘Special from work, but in circumstances when one is dealing with a confused and psychotic patient and there is a significant element of uncertainty about the veracity of the allegations, this might be considered inappropriate and unduly prejudicial to the ‘Special. (McMillan J 2005) At the time of the reporting of the incident, I apologised to Lee myself and reassured him that such a situation would not be allowed to occur again. I feel that this was also a professionally appropriate course of action, as it not only communicated a professional sense of responsibility to Lee, but also it demonstrated the fact that I was taking his complaint seriously and was sorry that it had happened. (Kozier, B et al. 2008) When analysed in overview, I effectively had two possible potential outcomes of the situation. Either I believed that Lee‘s story was probably true, or I didnt. This gives rise to a deeper analysis and, in the words of Cruess Cruess, the evolution of a student into an expert practitioner is judged by the ability to operate from a deep and holistic understanding of the total situation, a concept that is often referred to as ‘professional intuition. (Baillie L 2005). Cruess et al. suggest that this ‘professional intuition is better considered as ‘professional expertise, which is generally built up and gained over years of experience and which, when tested in the clinical environment, can become an altogether more robust concept. (Cruess S R et al. 2007). Reflection on this situation, together with the guidance received from the Ward Sister, has helped me to fully understand the main elements of this situation. If I were to encounter such a situation again I wou ld feel more confident in dealing with the situation rather than having to reflect at length after the event. Such analysis has helped me to realise that, to cite Schon, it is one of the ways professionals evolve and move beyond rule-bound behaviour and which enables them to function in a world of uncertainty and see problems in a holistic way and act appropriately. (Schà ¶n, D A (1987) Appendix Scenario: A 78 year old gentleman called Lee was admitted to my Ward with schizophrenia and other medical conditions, one of which includes confusion and hyponatremia. It has been explained to the patient and his next of kin that due to the dangerously low sodium level Lee is on a fluid restriction of 750 mls per day, however due to the patients mental statue, he constantly demands fluids and if not given he will start screaming and disturb other patient and can be very aggressive a time. For this reason the Senior Sister requested a special in order to provide a one to one care for Lee. I supported the patient with personal hygiene care one morning, Lee began to cry, when I asked what is the matter Lee? he said, three days ago a special slapped my arm and pinched me. And he said I was waiting for her to finish her shift to inform a staff nurse, by then I had forgotten. I hope when my son will visit me, I will remember to tell him what has happened. I reassured him that this will not happen again and I also apologised on her behalf and told Lee that particular specialist will not be caring for him any more. I reported the incident to the Ward Senior Sister and together we filled in an Incident Report Form (IR1). References Boyd E Fales A (1983) reflective learning: the key to learning from experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23 (2): 99-117 Brooke C; Waugh A Eds (2007) Foundations of Nursing Practice, Fundamentals of Holistic Care. Lond Mosby Elsevier. Carrick P (2000) Medical Ethics in the Ancient World. Georgetown University press : Philadelphia Jasper M. (2007) Professional Development, Reflection and Decision – Making. Blackwell Publishing, Singapore. Kozier, B, et al. (2008) Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice. Harlow: Pearson Education. Nicol M N, Bavin B C, Bedford-Turner S B, Cronin P C Rawlings-Anderson K R (2004) â€Å"Essential Nursing Skills† 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, Mosby NMC (2008) Nurse Midwifery Council: Code of professional conduct: Standards for conduct, performance and Ethics (2008) London : Chatto Windus 2008 Rolfe, G., Freshwater, D., Jasper, M. (2001). Critical Reflection in Nursing and the Helping Professions: a Users Guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Schà ¶n, D A: (1987), Educating the Reflective Practitioner: Toward a New Design for Teaching and Learning in the Professions, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco. Tschudin, V (2003). Ethics in Nursing: the caring relationship (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann. van Uffelen J G Z, Chinapaw M J M, van Mechelen W, Hopman-Rock M (2008) Walking or vitamin B for cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2008; 42 : 344 351

Citizen Soldiers essay -- essays research papers

In the book Citizen Soldiers by Stephen E. Ambrose, the title explains mainly what the book is about. The title itself gives you the insight about how the war was fought through the perspective of a regular citizen fighting in the biggest war in history. During the war there were many casualties, as a result more regular citizens were being drafted to go right into battle. In this book Ambrose exemplifies the fact that there were many regular citizens in the war and that they took the situation that they were in and made better of it and overcame it to come home as heroes. The men of the story were ordinary citizens put into an extraordinary situation and came out on top. These men often bonded together through some of the harder times, for example in the text there was a time where one soldier was able to be sent home to the states but refused it because he wanted to stay with his friend. â€Å"It’s either I stay here or he comes too,† those were the feelings of many people in the war that shared a special attachment with another man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book was able to clarify many of my questions left over from Band Of Brothers, like how the men of the companies got along with the newer recruits and how they shared their feelings for them. I soon realized that the citizen soldiers of this book had their really close friends but they really didn’t see the new people as intruding on their war lifestyle and being too anxious to fight. They didn’t react to cruelly...

Everyman Play Analysis Essay

The play â€Å"Everyman† remains nobody indifferent and thus is attractive for many readers, because the play is the best example of the medieval morality play. The genre of the play is presented by allegory aiming at dramatizing moral struggle that can be considered as universal and individual as well. The play is interesting, because it portrays feasting Everyman being informed of approaching Death. Thus many important themes are raised in the play: death and eternal life, friendship and betrayal, knowledge and power, etc. The author originally portrays, firstly, how Everyman is deserted by his â€Å"true† friends and companions, how he falls back on his Good Deeds, etc. It is also necessary to admit that Everyman is associated with eternal values of beauty, intelligence, strength and human knowledge. All these elements assist Everyman in compiling book of Accounts, though at the end of the play he remains only with Good Deeds alone. Furthermore, the play is, certainly, edifying, because it provides the idea that people can take with them from real world nothing they have received, but only the things they have given others. Apparently, the play differs from contemporary biblical text as it doesn’t dramatize biblical episodes and characters. Instead the play personifies the good and bad qualities of mankind and shows them in conflict. Moreover, â€Å"Everyman† provides complete morality restricted by depicting the spiritual biography of the human microcosm, instead of representing spiritual history of man. Finally, the play is attractive due to author’s very unique style of writing, because the author employs s technique of imagery meaning that he uses images and symbols to represent a certain hero and particular idea. Thus imagery makes readers understand the play and acting better. Further, â€Å"Everyman† teach people how to be moral. Moral seems to be the universal theme being popular in all times. The play suggests that it is necessary to do good deeds and to obtain knowledge, because everything learnt will stay for the whole life.

Suitable Nutritional Care

Any sports played or even trainings and exercises may be beneficial to anyone unless done with in good condition. It may lead to development and improvement may it be physically or mentally. On the other hand it may also lead to body exhaustion in particular for those who do it on a regular basis, the athletes. This is why suitable nutritional care must be made to ensure that an athlete is competitive all throughout his career.   He must know how to develop good physical condition through proper diet. For every competition, trainings and exercises, an athlete must not fail to remember not to eat before and after the activities. Eating after the game or the post game nutrition is extremely essential. We must choose the right kinds of diet to fasten body recovery. After the activity, it is recommended that we eat rich in carbohydrates foods and beverages which can reload glycogen stores. For the lost fluids, replace it by drinking 2 cups of fluids especially cold water, it is more rapidly absorb by the body than warm waters. Beverages and sport drinks may also be taken in exchange for the fluids lost. Caffeine and alcohol containing fluids must be avoided.   The body fluids lost must be replaced within the period of 2 hours after any athlete’s activity. Replacement of the fluids lost benefits the body by eliminating the general discomfort not only the thirst and to regulate the body. Potassium and sodium were also lost during the activity, to replace it eat more fruits and vegetables for the replacement of potassium and salty foods for the sodium lost. (http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~excs597k/tow/NF92-66.htm) Proper pre-game and post game meals must be observed to ensure anyone’s not only for normal athlete’s health and body development. Pre-game nutrition is needed for the body to prepare the body for a strenuous activity. It provides additional body strength.   Post-game nutrition is more important, significantly helps out for exhausted person to recover and restore all nutrients and fluids lost in the body. It helps to normalize the body as well as the organs. It will be a good method to reestablish the body’s strength and shape and performance in order to perform any regular body activities.      

Anorexia essays

Anorexia essays They have an intense fear. Its so overwhelming that theyd rather be dead than fat. (110 Brownwell) An abusive disease that kills ten percent of its victims is Anorexia Nervosa. This self-starvation disorder affects one percent of all females and is a silent killer (1 Powell). Although this disease has only been recognized for only 120 years, the pressures of perfection have always affected people and acceptance according to looks. Anorexia can be a deadly or treatable disease where fear consumes its sufferers life and causes deep emotional and physical trauma. The official definition of an eating disorder is a persistent disturbance of eating or eating related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs physical health or psycho social functioning (135 Brownwell, Fairburn). There are several types of eating disorders, which though common, are very serious. One of the types is Anorexia Nervosa. More than ten percent of anorexics die because of the effects on their body from self-starvation. Anorexia is a very dangerous method of weight loss that involves obsession and fear to the point of it affecting their health. The first account of researching this disease was the writing of a book by Richard Morton in 1689 entitled The Treatise of Consumptions. The term anorexia has Greek and Latin origins that give it its meaning. The term anorexia means loss of appetite and Nervosa means nervous. This phrase fits with the exception of the false feeling of no appetite. Anorexic suffers feel no actual loss of appetite but actually trick their minds into thinking they are full. It is a disease of deliberate starvation and appetite control. Anorexia Nervosa affects over seven million women mainly from ages 15-35. Although this disease affects mainly white middle class women, around one million men also suffer from this disorder. A recovering anorexic, Dawn Lan...

Wind Energy the Indian Scenario Essays

Wind Energy the Indian Scenario Essays Wind Energy the Indian Scenario Essay Wind Energy the Indian Scenario Essay In 2008, India was the country that brought online the third largest amount of wind energy, after the US and China, and it now ranks fifth in total installed capacity with 10,925 MW of wind power installed at the end of 2009. A strong domestic manufacturing base has been main underlying factor for the growth of the Indian wind energy market. The Indian wind turbine manufacturer Suzlon is now a recognized player on the global market, and many international companies are established in India. India has a great untapped potential for wind energy. According to official estimates, the country’s total wind energy resource amounts to 48 GW of commercially viable capacity, but some experts think that this figure is on the conservative side, and that technological improvements could significantly increase this potential. The positive development of wind energy in India has mainly been driven by progressive state level legislation, including policy measures such as renewable portfolio standards and feed-in-tariffs. At the moment, there is no coherent national renewable energy policy to drive the development of wind energy. This is urgently needed to realize the country’s full potential and reap the benefits for both the environment and the economy. The Indian government is currently considering the introduction of a national renewable energy policy, so this report comes as a timely reminder of how important a role wind energy could play in securing India’s energy security, curbing its CO2 emissions, providing new employment and boosting economic development. The Indian wind industry, both domestic and international, stands ready to do its part in achieving an energy revolution in India. With sufficient political will and the right policy frameworks, it could do even more. This paper gives a brief on the history of wind energy in India, the current state of production, the major policies that are guiding the industry at the moment and also suggests a way forward for the industry. 1) RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA : In the early 1980s, the Indian government established the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) to encourage diversification of the country’s energy supply, and satisfy the increasing energy demand of a rapidly growing economy. In 2006, this ministry was renamed the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Renewable energy is growing rapidly in India. With an installed capacity of 16. 4 GW, renewable energy sources (excluding large hydro) currently account for 7. 7 % of India’s overall power generation capacity. By 2012, the Indian government is planning to add an extra 14 GW of renewable sources. In its 10th Five Year Plan, the Indian government had set itself a target of adding 3. 5 GW of renewable energy sources to the generation mix. In reality, however, nearly double that figure was achieved. In this period, more than 5. 4 GW of wind energy was added to the generation mix, as well as 1. 3 GW from other RE sources. The target set for the period from 2008-2012 was increased to 14 GW, 10. 5 GW of which to be new wind generation capacity. In India the average life of a wind power generator is between 20-25 years. The Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) estimates that there is a potential of around 90,000 MW for power generation from different renewable energy sources in the country, including 48,561 MW of wind power, 14,294 MW of small hydro power and 26,367 MW of biomass. Hence, it can be seen that wind forms the major chunk of renewable energy portfolio in India that is estimated to be tapped in the coming years ahead and hence it forms an important part of study at the present moment. 2) WHY IS WIND SO IMPORTANT? It is well known that wind is certainly an inexhaustible abundant source of energy which is caused by the differential solar radiation on the Earth’s geo-diverse surfaces, having different degrees of absorption, reflection, refraction, convection and transmission. Wind power is the most established amongst the renewable energy sources. Wind power can be generated on a large scale compared to solar and other renewable sources and hence it becomes commercially viable. Wind mills are easy to install and require much less area compared to solar power per MW. Wind being a renewable energy free from any kind of combustion, is a very clean source of energy with zero GHG emissions. This implies that capacity addition in wind power will help in reducing the carbon footprint at the same time closing the gap between demand and supply of power in the country. It also results in significant saving of potable/drinking water, which is much needed for human survival. Electricity generation by wind consumes only 1/200th or 1/400th of water that is used by nuclear, oil or coal. But we also need to be clear that a country like ours with such a long coast line need not necessarily be having economic/technical potential for wind power with its diurnal variations of land breeze/sea breeze. At the other extreme the mere occurrence of good monsoon or frequency of cyclones amp; hurricanes may not provide an economical viability or a technical feasibility of wind power. 3) HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF WIND POWER IN INDIA : Recognizing the importance of tapping renewable energy sources for power generation, India has been working in this direction for more than two decades. The Government of India realized the importance of private sector participation in the wind power sector as early as 1983/84. Accordingly, a national programme was initiated to tap the then estimated potential of 20000 MW by adopting a market-oriented strategy. This ultimately led to successful commercial development of wind power technology and substantial additions to power generation capacity in the country. Significant progress made in this sector was the result of policy support measures and incentives announced by the government for implementing the latest wind energy technologies and encouraging private entrepreneurs to take up commercial projects. After the announcement of the ‘Private Power Policy’ in 1991, an increase in the private sector participation was observed in the field of wind energy. This, along with a booming economy and the attractive fiscal incentives, provided the impetus for accelerated growth of the wind power sector as shown in ‘Figure 1’ below. FIGURE 1 – GROWTH OF WIND POWER IN INDIA (INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MW / YEAR VS YEAR) After a brief downturn between 1996 amp; 1998, the scenario started looking up in 1999 and this upswing is still continuing. The main factors that have contributed to this positive growth are: a) Technological maturity and introduction of machines, suitable for the Indian conditions (e. g. wind turbines designed for low wind regimes) that resulted in overall higher capacity utilization. This factor helped in attracting more investments from the private sector. ) Introduction of bigger capacity and more cost-effective wind turbines. c) Better site selection due to more sophisticated and rigorous wind resource assessment and micro siting. d) Conducive policy regime introduced by some states (Maharashtra was one such state that came out with an investor friendly package, including attractive power purchase prices). 4) WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN INDIA : The total potential for wind power in India was first estimated by the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) at around 45 GW, and was recently increased to 48. GW. This figure was also adopted by the government as the official estimate. The C-WET study was based on a comprehensive wind mapping exercise initiated by MNRE, which established a country-wide network of 1050 wind monitoring and wind mapping stations in 25 Indian States. This effort made it possible to assess the national wind potential and identify suitable areas for harnessing wind power for commercial use, and 216 suitable sites have been identified. However, the wind measurements were carried out at lower hub heights and did not take into account technological innovation and improvements and repowering of old turbines to replace them with bigger ones. At heights of 55-65 meters, the Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA) estimates that the potential for wind development in India is around 65-70 GW. The World Institute for Sustainable Energy, India (WISE) considers that with larger turbines, greater land availability and expanded resource exploration, the potential could be as big as 100 GW. ) STATE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY : FIGURE – 2 (C-WET’s WIND POWER DENSITY MAP) Table 1 – Installed Capacity per state (MW) State| March 2010| March 2009| March 2008| March 2007| March 2006| March 2005| Tamilnadu| 4907| 4304. 5| 3873. 4| 3492. 7| 2894. 6| 2037| Karnataka| 1473| 1327. 4| 1011. 4| 821. 1| 584. 5| 410. 7| Maharashtra| 2078| 1938. 9| 1755. 9| 1487. 7| 1001. 3| 456. 2| Rajasthan| 1088| 738. 4| 538. 8| 469. 8| 358. 1| 284. 8| Andhra Pradesh| 236| 122. 5| 122. 5| 122. | 121. 1| 120. 6| Madhya Pradesh| 229| 212. 8| 187. 7| 57. 3| 40. 3| 28. 9| Kerala| 28| 27. 0| 10. 5| 2| 2| 2| Gujarat| 1864| 1566. 5| 1252. 9| 636. 6| 338| 253| Others| 4| 1. 1| 1. 1| 1. 1| 1. 1| 1. 1| Total| 11807| 10242. 3| 8754. 0| 7090. 8| 5341| 3594. 3| The Wind Resource Assessment Programme carried out in India to reassess the wind potential was one of the largest programmes of its kind in the world, covering around 900 wind monitoring and mapping stations in 24 states and Union Territories. So far 208 potential sites have been identified in 13 states. As per Table 1, states with high wind potential include Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. It is proposed to prepare an Indian Wind Atlas by using state-of-the-art software like WASP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Programme) on GIS platform. This will encourage the rapid growth of wind energy in India. The map shown here indicates where WASP has been applied. WASP has been used to establish national wind atlases for the ‘red’ countries and WASP has been applied for regional and local studies in the ‘blue’ countries. 6) OFF-SHORE WIND POTENTIAL IN INDIA : Offshore wind development zones are generally considered to be ten kilometers or more from land. Offshore wind turbines are less obtrusive than turbines on land, as their apparent size and noise is mitigated by distance. Because water has less surface roughness than land (especially deeper water), the average wind speed is usually considerably higher over open water. Capacity factors (utilization rates) are considerably higher than for onshore and near shore locations. Transporting large wind turbine components (tower sections, nacelles, and blades) is much easier over water than on land, because ships and barges can handle large loads more easily than trucks/lorries or trains. On land, large goods vehicles must negotiate bends on roadways, which fixes the maximum length of a wind turbine blade that can move from point to point on the road network; no such limitation exists for transport on open water. Offshore wind turbines will probably continue to be the largest turbines in operation, since the high fixed costs of the installation are spread over more energy production, reducing the average cost. Turbine components (rotor blades, tower sections) can be transported by barge, making large parts easier to transport offshore than on land, where turn clearances and underpass clearances of available roads limit the size of turbine components that can be moved by truck. Similarly, large construction cranes are difficult to move to remote wind farms on land, but crane vessels easily move over water. Offshore wind farms tend to be quite large, often involving over hundreds of turbines. CWET (Centre for Wind Energy Technology) has taken some initial efforts to survey the potential in the field of off-shore wind power generation. A working group consisting of expert members from National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL) and C-WET had, in late 2008 or 2009, started studies for feasibility of offshore wind measurements. The team had initiated the work on getting the clearances for offshore measurements near Dhanushkoti ( close to Rameswaram ). For a project planning to kick start offshore wind measurements, the team visited Dhanushkoti and collected the GPS co-ordinates with the help of land surveyors. The main objective was to take up wind resource assessment studies in the southern tip of India, particularly at two locations viz. Koodankulam (Kanyakumari) and Rameshwaram (Dhanuskodi), and to examine the feasibility for setting up offshore wind farms. The aim was to collect data set of wind speeds, wind direction and to gather sea temperature, sea current characteristics, and waves data for environmental research, design, and development of offshore wind farms, and to assess potential impacts of these measured parameters on the wind farms etc. Some preliminary data suggests that the wind power densities are about 250–300 W/m2 by the Arabian Sea (6-6. 4 m/s), 250–600 W/m2 (6-7. 8 m/s) by the Indian Ocean, and 150–500 W/m2 (5. 1-7. 4) by the Bay of Bengal (Rameswaram area). A minimum wind speed of about 6. 5 m/s is required for offshore wind farms, and as suggested earlier, many regions in Northern Europe oceans have wind speeds much in excess of 6. 5 m/s. The data presented earlier indicates that India is not blessed with such high offshore wind speeds. Sadly, on the corporate side, there have been few, if any, efforts on offshore wind. The only piece of news that indicated some corporate interest was from the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), when, in April 2009, it announced its plans to tap offshore wind energy. After setting up its first 50 MW onshore wind energy farm in Gujarat, ONGC announced it was planning to tap offshore wind potential. In this context, ONGC held a series of meetings and collected a myriad of data related to offshore wind potentials. The company had mentioned at the time that a detailed study would be conducted to find out the viability of this offshore project. However, after this announcement, little detail has been forthcoming on this. These are all the data I have on offshore wind developments and progress in India. As per the latest data available, the cumulative offshore installed capacity globally stood at 1,421 MW as of 2007 and this figure is expected to rise to 12,000MW by the year 2013. 7) POLICY ENVIRONMENT FOR WIND ENERGY IN INDIA : The Indian government’s stated target is for renewable energy to contribute 10% of total power generation capacity and have a 4-5% renewable energy share in the electricity mix by 2012. This means that renewable energy would grow at a faster rate than traditional power generation, accounting for around 20% of the total added capacity planned in the 2008-2012 timeframe. Some of the important policies that are allowing this sector to grow are listed below. The Electricity Act 2003: The Electricity Act required the SERCs to set Renewable Portfolio Standards for electricity production in their state. Following this, the Ministry for New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) issued guidelines to all state governments to create an attractive environment for the export, purchase, wheeling and banking of electricity generated by wind power projects. Some important policy measures for wind power in India are: * Fiscal and financial incentives : * 80% accelerated depreciation over one or two years 10 year income tax holiday for wind power generation projects * Excise duty relief on certain components * Some states have also announced special tariffs, ranging from Rs 3-4 per kWh, with a national average of around Rs 3. 50 per kWh * Wheeling, banking and third party sales, buy-back facility by states * Guarantee market through a specified renewable portfolio standard in some states, as decided by the state electricity regulator by way of power purchase agreements * Reduced wheeling charges as compared to conventional energy. * Land Policies : The Ministry of Environment and Forests has issued guidelines for diversion of forest lands for non-forest purposes, particularly to enable wind generation. * Clearance of leasing and forest land for up to a period of 30 years for wind developers. * Financial assistance : * Setting up of the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), the premier finance agency of the Government of India to provide soft loans for renewable energy projects, particularly for demonstration and private sector projects. * Wind resource assessment: * The government set up the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) to map wind energy potentials. The C-WET has set up more than 1,000 wind monitoring and wind mapping centers across 25 states. * Wind mapping at 50 meters (C-WET) and 60-80 meters height (private companies) * F eed in tariff and Generation Based Incentive (GBI) : MNRE has decided to incentivise actual energy generation rather than only capacity addition. To achieve this task, it has been proposed that power producers shall be given some incentive on every unit generated over and above the feed in tariff approved by particular state. Scheme for implementation for GBI for grid interactive power projects: * Objectives : ) To broaden the investor base and create a level playing field between various classes of investors. b) To incentivize higher efficiencies with the help of a generation/outcome based incentive. c) To facilitate entry of large independent power producers and foreign direct investors to the wind power sector. * Incentive and Duration: Under the  Ã‚   scheme, a GBI will be provided to wind electricity producers   @ Rs. 0. 50 per unit of electricity fed into the grid for a period not less than 4 years and a maximum period of 10 years in parallel with accelerated depreciation on a mutually exclusive manner, with a cap of Rs. 2 lakhs per MW. The total disbursement in a year will not exceed one fourth of the maximum limit of the incentive i. e. Rs. 15. 50 lakhs per MW during the first four years. Utilization of Wind Energy in India : Despite the high installed capacity, the actual utilization of wind power in India is low because policy incentives are geared towards installation rather than operation of the plants. This is why only 1. 6% of actual power production in India comes from wind although the installed capacity is 6%. The government is considering the addition of incentives for ongoing operations of the installed wind power plants. Table 2 gives a detailed picture of the current tariff rates offered by the states in which wind power is currently being generated and it also highlights the future price escalation mechanism proposed by each state. An inference that can be drawn from this data is that the majority of the states do not propose a tariff escalation for the next 10-20 years, and as the tariff rates are competitive to power conventionally generated from the grid through fossil fuels, we could say that this is a positive step in ensuring further participation and growth in wind power generation. TABLE 2 State Tariff Rates and Price Mechanisms Some State Policy Incentives : * Energy Buyback , power wheeling and banking facilities for wind power generating plants * Sale Tax Concessional benefits * Electricity Tax exemption * Capital Subsidy 8) KEY FACTORS AFFECTING WIND POWER GENERATION IN INDIA: a) GROWTH RATE OF THE ECONOMY : Market growth rates in these scenarios are based on a mixture of historical figures and information obtained from analyses of the wind turbine market. The annual growth rate envisaged is of 25% per annum, but the wind industry has experienced much higher growth rates in recent years. The growth rate in the last 5 years averaged was more than 35% of installed wind power capacity. The above growth rate assumes significant repowering (replacing of smaller old turbines by modern and more powerful machines) will take place in the period up to 2030. It is also expected that due to the large coastline of 7000km, offshore installations will play an important role in the timeframe. This will substantially increase the overall wind energy potential. b) TURBINE CAPACITY: Individual turbines have been steadily growing it terms of the maximum electricity output they achieve when operating at full power. The average capacity of wind turbines installed in India as off 2008 was 1MW, up from just 400kW in 2000. The largest turbines now available commercially are approximately 6MW in capacity. An assumption can be made that, the average size will increase to 1. 5MW in 2013 to 2MW by 2030. It is possible that the figure will turn out to be greater in practice, requiring fewer turbines to achieve the same installed capacity. It is also assumed that each turbine’s operational lifetime will be of 20 years, after which it will need to be replaced. c) CAPACITY FACTOR: Capacity factor’ refers to the percentage capacity that a turbine installed in a particular location will deliver over the course of a year. This is primarily an assessment of the wind resource at a given site, but capacity factors are also affected by the efficiency of the turbine and its suitability for the particular location. For example a 1MW turbine operating at a 25% capacity factor will deliver 2190 MWh of e lectricity in one year. It is assumed that improvements in both wind turbine technology and the sitting of wind farms will result in a steady increase. ) CAPITAL COSTS: The capital cost for wind energy project shall include wind turbine generator including its auxiliaries, land cost, site development charges and other civil works, transportation charges, evacuation cost up to inter-connection point, financing charges and IDC. The normative capital cost of the wind energy projects shall be Rs. 467Lakh/MW for FY 2010-11 and shall be subject to the adjustment over the control period on account of changes in the wholesale price index for steel and electrical machinery as per the indexation mechanism specified in the RE Regulations. The detailed computations of the indexation mechanism and determination of the capital cost for FY 2010-11. The capital cost of producing wind turbines has fallen steadily over the past 20 years as turbine design has been largely concentrated on the three-bladed upwind model with variable speed and pitch blade regulation, manufacturing techniques have been optimized, and mass production and automation have resulted in economies of scale. Darrieus Three Bladed Horizontal Axis H-VAWT 9) CURRENT TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS IN INDIA: The modern machines manufactured in India with foreign collaboration have capacities more than 1 MW and they are highly suited for India. * The technology option in the first phase of kinetic to mechanical energy has been shifting from constant speed rotor to variable speed rotor all over the world. The variable speed rotor is of capable capturing about 15 to 20% more energy from the turbulent wind. * Conversion of mechanical to electrical energy through the generators is also going through several advancements in technology in the recent years. From traditional squirrel cage induction generators which convert AC-AC as the wind varies has been shifting to synchronized AC-DC-AC type of generators for efficient power capture from the wind. * In the aero dynamic controls, the shift is taking place from traditional stall control to pitch control and modern machines have active controls independently for stall as well as pitch mechanism. These sophisticated active controls require power electronics and hydraulics interfacing with various systems. Some of the latest Wind Energy Generators use electro-magnetic/mechanical control systems instead of hydraulics 0) MISCONCEPTIONS REGARDING WIND ENERGY : a) Wind Turbines kill birds and also have serious environmental impacts: It is a fact that a number of birds have been killed by wind mills. A detailed study done in the United States has indicated that the number of birds currently kill per year due to high end wind installations is one to two birds. Comparatively, more birds die every year because of highway traffic, manmade structures and housecats. These wind turbines also do not affect the migratory patterns of birds and as studies have indicated, the birds that have been occasionally killed are of common species. ) Installation of wind turbines produces a humming noise that is harmful to human health: In continuation to the point above, studies done by research teams in the United Kingdom have proven that the low humming noise produced by the rotating of wind mills has absolutely no effect on human health. With the improvement in technology, this humming noise has considerably reduced over the last few years, by around 30% in terms of decibel levels over the last four years. c) Wind Turbine Farms have a large land foot print: This is a common misconception that people hold in their mind. The actual land foot print of each wind turbine is just the area covered by the wind turbine column that is the foundation of the wind turbine in the ground. The area around the wind turbine can be used for agriculture cultivation or other purposes. In India a number of wind turbines are placed on hilly areas and hence do not take up valuable agricultural land. 11) WIND MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA : There are more than 12 manufacturers of Large Wind Turbines/Large Wind Generators which are grid connected to State Electricity Boards. Most of the manufacturer’s facilities are located in Pune, Ahmedabad, Chennai and Puducherry. As the technology has been steadily improving, it has resulted in the cost reduction of more than 8 times in the last 3 decades. This has increased the number of new entrants in the wind energy sector. From Table 3 given below you can see some of the names of the manufacturers along with the foreign collaboration: TABLE 3 – Large wind generator manufacturers in India From the above list, Suzlon Energy Ltd. is the largest manufacturer in India; It is the world’s 3rd leading player in wind energy generators. Apart from meeting the India wind energy generator market, for several manufacturers it is also an export opportunity – around Rs. 8000 crores worth of equipment was exported abroad. Suzlon has supplied over 7,000 MW of wind power generating capacity equipment in India. In 2006, it acquired Hansen Transmissions NV , the world’s second largest wind gearbox manufacturers, completing its quest to integrate all critical components into its value chain. In terms of net worth, Suzlon is the most valuable wind power company but not as measured by market value. Suzlon currently operates the largest wind park in the world, the 584 MW wind park in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. For small wind generation manufacturers in India ( Small wind generation systems with generation capacity upto 50kW) the major players in the Indian industry are : * Unitron Energy, Pune * Vaigunth Ener Tek Ltd, Chennai * LeanWay Energy Pvt. Ltd, Pune * Tachometric Controls, Pune * Wind Turbine Systems Ltd, Bangalore * M/S Machinocraft, Pune * Novergy Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd. , Udaipur * Pawanmitra Aero Energies, Tiruppur * Pioneer Wincon Pvt. Ltd Small wind generation systems have tremendous potential in India as a large percentage of the population is still not connected to the grid and hence depends on diesel generators in many areas for intermittent power supply. The small wind generators have the capabilities to replace the diesel generators entirely and with the help of battery storage that can be used for small wind and solar hybrids, areas currently off the grid can be powered, thereby replacing the need for a connection to a power grid. In the last six months, big players like Tata Power Company from the house of Tata ave started experimenting with wind mills of 2 kW capacity and they to plan to enter the small wind generation industry over the coming year. 12) ROLE OF C-WET IN THE INDIAN WIND INDUSTRY : C-WET is an acronym for Center for Wind Energy Technology. As earlier mentioned, C-WET is an Autonomous Ramp;D Organization, established under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and it has enabled orderly wind p ower development in India. It offers value added services in terms of identification of potential windy sites and project planning, Micrositing and due diligence studies in the area of wind resource assessment.. C-WET has an International standard Test Station at Kayathar close to Kanyakumari which can test wind turbines from 225 kW to 1 MW class machines. C-WET also ensures the quality of the machines which are connected to Indian power utilities to protect the investors as well as manufacturers utilities equally. C-WET follows IEC:WT-01 standards and carries out the type certification of wind turbines under a scheme called TAPS 2000 which has been customized for Indian conditions with the help and guidance of experts from RISO/Denmark which follows several standards which are currently in vogue in the Indian Wind Industry. C-WET coordinates with several academic institutions, National Research Laboratories and private companies independently in Research and Development in the area of wind energy to facilitate cost reduction in wind electric generation. C-WET assists the regulatory body which is the Central Electricity Regulatory Authority (CERC) in technical matters on policy and regulatory issues. It does the design evaluation for the purpose of certification of assessing the various models which are being offered by several manufacturers in Indian market following International standards. C-WET also undertakes Human Resource development suitable to the Indian Wind Energy Industry by conducting National and International Training Programmes. Since this is an area of multi disciplinary nature, academicians amp; industry and Scientists of C-WET join hand together to complete the training programmes. 13) THE FUTURE INDIAN WIND ENERGY SCENARIO : The main issue of Wind Power Development in India is availability of accurate wind potential data for regions all over the country. C-WET has assessed ore than 620 Stations spread all over the Country by continuous monitoring of wind as a resource and identified more than 216 locations as economically viable and wind potential. As on date, in India a site which has more than 200 watts per square meter as Wind Power Density (WPD) is declared economically viable. With recently picked up micro wind generation i. e to exploit urban wind areas and low wind areas and to facilitate remote village electrification domestic wind mills of . 3 kW to 30 kW are being adopted. This micro wind generation as on date has a low market demand since it has been mostly developed as a standalone system which is often not grid connected. The grid interface system which will have similar concepts such as net metering along with exporting to grid and importing from the grid in a house connection is likely to be possible soon. It has fast track implementation of wind power projects given by Government having fiscal and financial initiative. India is likely to penetrate the wind as a green power up to 10% of electricity generation of the Nation, with the highly supportive Governmental policies. The major issue of utilization of wind power has been the infirmity of the wind. This can be overcome the current sophisticated technology to forecast wind enabling load scheduling to meet the load demand and generation gap. Innovative approach to Operation and Maintenance â€Å"Oamp;M†, is now being implemented using Central Monitoring systems and SCADA type continuous monitoring with remote controls. Another important issue in the Indian wind power development is development of infrastructure facility in wind farmable areas such as roads and logistics for larger machine components to reach windy Regions. Other infrastructural facilities for establishment of human habitation wind farm and establishment of electrical grid for evacuation of the power generated by the wind turbines. Most of the State and Central Government have been concentrating on these infrastructural developments and hence wind power in India has become more viable and the growth is sustained at the global rate of more than 20% every year. Table 4 gives a few keys for sustaining this 20% wind power growth envisaged in India TABLE 4 Wind Power Industry Trends Other Important Areas for the Future of Wind Generation in India : * In the coming years we need proper tariff and inflation adjustments for the wind energy sector. * Preferential tariff has proven to be the most successful instrument in accelerating power generation from renewable energy and should be applied to wind energy generation. * Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) need to be made available more easily and should be traded so that Renewable Purchase Obligations can be fulfilled in states where sufficient renewable energy is not available within the state. These certificates also need to be electronic in nature to ensure timeliness in transactions and terminate the need for physical documents to be exchanged. 14) CONCLUSION: The wind energy sector has grown significantly in India despite ups and downs. Today after having surmounted many a problems, wind in India is known to be a very mature industry. Presently, the focus is on higher capacity machines and low-wind regime turbines, which operate in class two wind regimes. Higher tower heights and wider swept areas have resulted from the experience gained by India in the last two decades. Equally important has been the ability of wind power producers in dealing with grid problems in the country. Electricity produced from renewable energy resources like wind requires two kinds of support, namely a price support mechanism that enables power producers to enter the market and make a reasonable profit and a stable regulatory environment that encourages renewables based power. Characterized by the non-internalization of external costs of energy production, costs of wind power tend to be significantly higher than that of conventional power. But the cost of delivered power should be measured in terms of overall benefits associated with that form of power, and their implications. In such a scenario, wind power outweighs the conventional power on account of their environment-friendliness and positive impact on the social development. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Indian Wind Energy Scenario – by Amit Kumar, TERI, D S Block, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110003 * Renewable Energy in India: Business Opportunities. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources 2001. * Introduction of the Indian Wind Energy Sector – by Dr. S. Gomathinayagam, Executive Director, C-WET, Chennai – 600 * Indian Wind Energy Outlook 2009 * www. gwec. net * www. indianwindpower. com * www. windpowerindia. com * www. ireda. in * www. wikipedia. org

Overview of the Early American Colonial Regions

Overview of the Early American Colonial Regions   The history of the 13 American colonies that would become the first 13 states of the United States dates to 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered what he thought was a New World, but was really North America, which along with its indigenous population and culture, had been there all along. Spanish Conquistadors and Portuguese explorers soon used the continent as a base for expanding their nations’ global empires. France and the Dutch Republic joined in by exploring and colonizing northern regions of North America. England moved to stake its claim in 1497 when explorer John Cabot, sailing under the British flag, landed on the east coast of what is now America. Twelve years after sending Cabot on a second but fatal voyage to America King Henry VII died, leaving the throne to his son, King Henry VIII. Of course Henry VIII had more interest in marrying and executing wives and warring with France than in global expansion. Following the deaths of Henry VIII and his frail son Edward, Queen Mary I took over and spent most of her days executing Protestants. With the death of â€Å"Bloody Mary,† Queen Elizabeth I ushered in the English golden age, fulfilling the promise of the entire Tudor royal dynasty. Under Elizabeth I, England began to profit from transatlantic trade, and after defeating the Spanish Armada expanded its global influence. In 1584, Elizabeth I commissioned Sir Walter Raleigh to sail towards Newfoundland where he founded the colonies of Virginia and Roanoke, the so-called â€Å"Lost Colony.† While these early settlements did little to establish England as a global empire, they set the stage for Elizabeth’s successor, King James I. In 1607, James I ordered the establishment of Jamestown, the first permanent settlement in  America. Fifteen years and much drama later, the Pilgrims founded Plymouth. After the death of James I in 1625, King Charles I founded Massachusetts Bay which led to the founding of the Connecticut and Rhode Island colonies. English colonies in America would soon spread from New Hampshire to Georgia. From the foundation of the colonies beginning with the founding of Jamestown until the beginning of the Revolutionary War, different regions of the eastern coast had different characteristics. Once established, the thirteen British colonies could be divided into three geographic areas: New England, Middle, and Southern. Each of these had specific economic, social, and political developments that were unique to the regions. The New England Colonies The New England Colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut were known for being rich in forests and fur trapping. Harbors were located throughout the region. The area was not known for good farmland. Therefore, the farms were small, mainly to provide food for individual families. New England flourished instead from fishing, shipbuilding, lumbering, and fur trading along with trading goods with Europe. The famous Triangle Trade occurred in the New England colonies where slaves were sold in the West Indies for molasses. This was sent to New England to make Rum which was then sent to Africa to trade for slaves.​ In New England, small towns were the centers of local government. In 1643, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven formed the New England Confederation to provide defense against Indians, Dutch, and the French. This was the first attempt to form a union between colonies. A group of Massasoit Indians organized themselves under King Philip to fight the colonists. King Philips War lasted from 1675-78. The Indians were finally defeated at a great loss. A Rebellion Grows in New England The seeds of revolt were sown in the New England Colonies. Influential characters in the American Revolution such as Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, William Dawes, John Adams, Abigail Adams, James Otis, and 14 of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence lived in New England. As displeasure with British rule spread through the Colonies, New England saw the rise of the celebrated Sons of Liberty - a secret group of politically dissident colonists  formed in Massachusetts during 1765 dedicated to fighting against taxes unfairly imposed on them by the British government. Several major battles and events of the American Revolution took place in the New England Colonies, including The Ride of Paul Revere, the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. New Hampshire In 1622, John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges received land in northern New England. Mason eventually formed New Hampshire and Gorges land led to Maine. Massachusetts controlled both until New Hampshire was given a royal charter in 1679 and Maine was made its own state in 1820. Massachusetts Pilgrims wishing to flee persecution and find religious freedom traveled to America and formed the Plymouth Colony in 1620. Before landing, they established their own government, the basis of which was the Mayflower Compact. In 1628, Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay Company and many Puritans continued to settle in the area around Boston. In 1691, Plymouth joined the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Rhode Island Roger Williams argued for freedom of religion and separation of church and state. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded Providence. Anne Hutchinson was also banished from Massachusetts and she settled Portsmouth. Two additional settlements formed in the area and all four received a charter from England creating their own government eventually called Rhode Island. Connecticut A group of individuals led by Thomas Hooker left the Massachusetts Bay Colony due to dissatisfaction with harsh rules and settled in the Connecticut River Valley. In 1639, three settlements joined to form a unified government creating a document called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the first written constitution in America. King Charles II officially united Connecticut as a single colony in 1662. The Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware offered fertile farmland and natural harbors. Farmers grew grain and raised livestock. The Middle Colonies also practiced trade like New England, but typically they were trading raw materials for manufactured items. One important event that happened in the Middle Colonies during the colonial period was the Zenger Trial in 1735. John Peter Zenger was arrested for writing against the royal governor of New York. Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton and found not guilty helping to establish the idea of freedom of the press. New York The Dutch-owned a colony called New Netherland. In 1664, Charles II granted New Netherland to his brother James, Duke of York. He just had to take it from the Dutch. He arrived with a fleet. The Dutch surrendered without a fight. New Jersey The Duke of York granted some land to Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley who named their colony New Jersey. They provided liberal grants of land and freedom of religion. The two parts of the colony were not united into a royal colony until 1702. Pennsylvania The Quakers were persecuted by the English and wished to have a colony in America. William Penn received a grant which the King called Pennsylvania. Penn wished to begin a â€Å"holy experiment.† The first settlement was Philadelphia. This colony quickly became one of the largest in the New World. Declaration of Independence was written and signed in Pennsylvania. The Continental Congress met in Philadelphia until it was captured by British General William Howe in 1777 and forced to move to York. Delaware When the Duke of York got New Netherland, he also received New Sweden which had been founded by Peter Minuit. He renamed this area, Delaware. This area became part of Pennsylvania until 1703 when it created its own legislature. The Southern Colonies The Southern Colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia grew their own food along with growing three major cash crops: tobacco, rice, and indigo. These were grown on plantations typically worked by slaves and indentured servants. England was the main customer of crops and goods exported by the Southern Colonies. Sprawling cotton and tobacco plantations kept people widely separated, preventing the growth of many urban areas. An important event that occurred in the Southern Colonies was Bacons Rebellion. Nathaniel Bacon led a group of Virginia colonists against Indians who were attacking frontier farms. The royal governor, Sir William Berkeley, had not moved against the Indians. Bacon was labeled a traitor by the governor and ordered arrested. Bacon attacked Jamestown and seized the government. He then became ill and died. Berkeley returned, hanged many of the rebels, and was eventually removed from office by King Charles II. Maryland Lord Baltimore received land from King Charles I to create a haven for Catholics. His son, the second Lord Baltimore, personally owned all the land and could use or sell it as he wished. In 1649, the Toleration Act was passed allowing all Christians to worship as they pleased. Virginia Jamestown was the first English settlement in America (1607). It had a hard time at first and didn’t flourish until the colonists received their own land and the tobacco industry began flourishing, the settlement took root. People continued to arrive and new settlements arose. In 1624, Virginia was made a royal colony. North Carolina and South Carolina Eight men received charters in 1663 from King Charles II to settle south of Virginia. The area was called Carolina. The main port was Charles Town (Charleston). In 1729, North and South Carolina became separate royal colonies. Georgia James Oglethorpe received a charter to create a colony between South Carolina and Florida. He founded Savannah in 1733. Georgia became a royal colony in 1752. Updated by Robert Longley

ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM - Essay Example The Supreme Court exists over the Court of Appeal; the decisions of the Court of Appeal can be challenged and appealed in the Supreme Court. Criminal Division The decisions of the Crown Court can be challenged in the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. Civil Division The cases relating to the family justice and the civil law from the High Court, the County Courts in certain cases and the Tribunals; all can be appealed in the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal. High Court They, the Queen’s Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division, are included in the legal structure of the High Court. Verdicts of the High Court may be appealed to the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal. Queen’s Bench Division: Technology and Construction Court (TCC) This Division hears the cases of disputes in the technology and construction involving questions and issues which are technically complex. In such cases, a specialist TCC judge is desirable to hear the proceed ings of the cases. Queen’s Bench Division: Mercantile Court The national and international business disputes involving complexity and claims of lesser value are heard in the Division; the cases must be other than those heard by the Commercial Court. Queen’s Bench Division: Commercial Court The Commercial Court of the Queen’s Bench Division hears the cases of disputes of the national and international business level relating to the commodities, banking, arbitration dispute and international trade. Queen’s Bench Division: Admiralty Court The shipping and maritime disputes are heard in the Admiralty Court of the Queen’s Bench Division. Disputes concerning collisions, carriage of cargo, salvage, limitation, and mortgage are heard in the Division. The Admiralty Court by exercising its legal power can issue an order arresting cargoes and vessels. Queen’s Bench Division: Administrative Court Administrative Court is entrusted with a considerable jur isdiction. It hears statutory appeals and application, applications under the Drug Trafficking Act 1984 and the Criminal justice Act 1988, and judicial reviews as well. In addition, the Division is entrusted to observe the legality factor of decisions and actions of the tribunals and inferior courts, Ministers of the Crown, local authorities and other public bodies. The Chancery Division: Companies Court Companies related disputed are heard by the Companies Court of the Chancery Division. The cases of commercial fraud, management of company, director’s disqualification, business disputes and insolvency, are brought into the Companies Court. The Chancery Division: Divisional Court Cases concerning bankruptcy, tax partnership, trusts, equity, contentious probate and land, are heard by the Divisional Court of the Chancery Division. The Chancery Division: Patents Court The Patents Court of the Chancery Division hears the cases of copyright, trademark and patent, intellectual prop erty and passing off. Family Division: Divisional Court Family disputes are mostly brought into the Divisional Court of the Family Division. The disputes concerning parentage, domestic violence, family homes, children custody, adoption, annulment, separation, medical treatment and divorce declarations, are heard by the Division. County Courts The County Courts hear cases concerning claims for debts repayment, contract breach involving goods or property, family issues, housing issues and enforcement of the previous decisions of the County Court.

Kidnapping in Africa and control Research Paper

Kidnapping in Africa and control - Research Paper Example On the other hand, in the Niger Delta, schoolchildren are also victims of kidnapping. Noting that Nigeria will soon have its elections, it is an indication that with the rise of criminal acts and insecurity there is a possibility that the elections will fail to be free and fare. In the recent years, the state of Abia has had a plague of kidnapping, acts of hijacking and robbery. The only way that Nigerian government has been doing to ensure that such cases are curbed is by negotiating with the kidnappers to get back the victims and also the security forces have been involved in putting up new strategies to conquer the pervasive issue of kidnapping. In addition, the police forces are being trained to enhance their knowledge and skills to decisively deal with the kidnappers across Nigeria.The governments have a tendency of blaming the pervasive kidnapping wave away from the Niger Delta as a result of the increasing rates of unemployment across the country. The African continent is the challenge with kidnapping cases since the police force is ineffective and corrupt. Furthermore, the police forces are inadequately equipped to stem such crimes and the relationship that exists between the kidnappers and politicians as well. These elements, however, seem to be more signs of a wide malaise, for instance, pervasive kidnapping is a major symptom failed and failing country. This feature is common in countries which are failing or had failed like Columbia since 1970s to 2000.... On the other hand, in the Niger Delta, schoolchildren are also victims of kidnapping. Noting that Nigeria will soon have its elections, it is an indication that with the rise of criminal acts and insecurity there is a possibility that the elections will fail to be free and fare. In the recent years the state of Abia has had a plague of kidnapping, acts of hijacking and robbery. The only way that Nigerian government has been doing to ensure that such cases are curbed is by negotiating with the kidnappers to get back the victims and also the security forces have been involved in putting up new strategies to conquer the pervasive issue of kidnapping. In addition, the police forces are being trained to enhance their knowledge and skills to decisively deal with the kidnappers across Nigeria (Omonijo, 2011).The governments have a tendency of blaming the pervasive kidnapping wave away from the Niger Delta as a result of the increasing rates of unemployment across the country. The African co ntinent is challenge with kidnapping cases since the police force is ineffective and corrupt. Furthermore, the police forces are inadequately equipped to stem such crimes, and the relationship that exists between the kidnappers and politicians as well. These elements however seem to be mere signs of a wide malaise, for instance, pervasive kidnapping is a major symptoms failed and failing country. This feature is common in countries which is failing or had failed like Columbia since 19770s to 200. The depth of kidnapping can help a country to know it direction. Kidnapping being a government priority to countries that have had the invasion of the can aid in teaming it. Governments partnering with local authorities will aid in reducing the pervasive act within its

How long can an offender stay in jail Term Paper

How long can an offender stay in jail - Term Paper Example On the other hand, an offender’s stay in jail and in prison is also identified through different codes and points of the law. Thereupon, it is vital to state that there might be different misconceptions as a result of a wrong treatment of the laws. The reasons why such things happen are different: biases, false testimonies, etc. The outcomes may include but not limited to life and death sentences or, at the best case, to the conclusion that an offender is freed, pardoned, or paroled. In this case Neubauer & Meinhold (2009) state the following idea: â€Å"One form of early release is parole, the conditional release of an inmate from prison† (p. 281). This is why the long stay of a detainee is not more than a year, as was mentioned before. It is required that until this moment the verdict is announced by the jury and the final claim is noted by the judge. Once again, it is wrong to state that a judge files a motion. A lawyer is the one who is interested in such a procedur e in order to protect his/her client from misjudgments. In fact, a prosecutor is also eligible to file a motion in order to delve better into the case or to prolong the investigation due to some weighty reasons. However, a prosecutor’s role is a bit different in filling a motion, as â€Å"a prosecutor may decide to dismiss the complaint by filing a motion of nolle prosequi† (Lippman, 2010, p. 5). ... All of the stages of the litigation are important to sum up all pros and cons to decide whether or not an offender should be moved to prison or set free as a result. One of the most outrageous examples is that of Scottsboro Nine in the 1930s. In this vein, the only situation when the judge is eligible to prolong the time period in jail is when an offender commits another crime just being in jail itself. These are rare cases which need additional careful examination and investigation. This is why all records should be accurately filed regarding a definite offender so as to omit misconception or mismatch of any kind: â€Å"It is through the maintenance of accurate records documenting all aspects of an inmate’s stay that institutions are able to reduce the likelihood of litigation and increase their chance for prevailing in court if litigation is filed† (Carlson & Garrett, 2008, p. 146). Thus, the documentation and keeping records safely and accurately arranged is paramoun t for making sure an offender will not stay in jail longer than possible according to the county, state or federal jurisprudence. Besides, an offender may stay longer due to the gender discretion or in case when an offender was previously placed on probation. The first case simply states that female inmates are more likely to have longer sentences just because they are â€Å"less likely to work out a plea arrangement† (Siegel, 2008, p. 551). It makes the judicial system more attentive to the state of mental and physical state of women during pretrial through sentencing stages so as to make sure a female inmate can be placed in prison. The second case is based on the precedent of an offender’s inclination to commit crime in the future. Thus, the term of the arrest

Talking Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Talking Styles - Essay Example Besides, two people in a relationship may evince different compatibility between their talking styles at different times, depending on the phase their relationship is going through, the politics involved in the relationships, the levels of stress one or both of them are facing. Relationships to a great extent are about give and take. It is practically not possible that the two people involved in a relationship, whether it is family or friendship happen to be emotionally and mentally on the same plane at any particular time. Mature people do understand that sometimes the people with whom they relate to get so stressed up and negative that they do resort to incompatible and disparate talking styles. Yet, it does not mean that they do not share a strong relationship. Rather it is at such times that the saner partners are required to show tact and presence of mind that sometimes go a long way in distressing and relieving the other partner in that relationship. This is something that is well corroborated by commonsense and general experience. Personally speaking, I believe that the results facilitated by the language style matching website to me (0.8) were not quite accurate (Online Research Consortium from Universities around the World, 2012). I was communicating with a close friend the desire to have dinner with her on a weekday. Considering the fact that she is quiet stressed up on her career side right now and that she had a busy night that day, it was quiet natural to expect a slightly passive response from her. In fact her act of conveying to me her stressed state evinced a closer level of intimacy between us, than predicted by the language style matching scores. In fact I tried to ascertain the veracity of these scores by talking to my friend about this issue after a couple of hours. Whereas the language style matching website indicated that we did not share a strong bond, actually speaking, my friend told me that she was really

Ibrahim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ibrahim - Essay Example In Islam, Abraham is considered the father of Prophet Ishmael and Isaac; in addition, he was also the grandfather of Prophet Jacob and an ancestor of Prophet Mohammed. He is considered as the father of monotheism (worship of one God); the Quran describes him as a person who believed in one true God and he was obedient to his commandments. Abraham was given the title ‘Khalilullah’ which means the friend of Allah; the Quran is quoted as saying ‘who can better be in faith than the one who submit his entire person to Allah, does good and follows the manner of Ibrahim the correct in faith? For Allah did take Ibrahim for a friend. As can be seen from the title that Abraham was given as a friend of Allah, Muslims are called upon to try and imitate Abraham in their faith which would bring them closer to Allah; all their actions and activities should be geared to conformity to those of Abraham. Another great feature that Abraham has contributed to Islam is the construction of Kaaba. Abraham, together with his son Ishmael constructed the Kaaba, which can be found in the modern day Saudi Arabia. In regard to the Kaaba, Muslims are required to make pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime if they can afford the journey; this is to show the return to perfection of the Abrahamic faith (Qu?ait?i?, 34). The character and personality of Abraham has been focussed on in the Quran than any other person, with his kindness and compassion being the areas that have been focussed on the most. The Quran tells us of Abraham as being brought up by a wicked father who was idolatrous and ignorant as his son tried to advice him to leave his wicked ways and turn back to God but he refused. At one point, Azar, who was the father of Abraham, threatened to stone him to death if he did not stop preaching to the people; Abraham ignored this threat. Despite the rocky relationship between him and his father, Ibrahim prayed to Allah to pardon his elders and his family for all the ir wrong doings. Muslims use this kind nature of Ibrahim as a model of how individuals should be towards others and in particular their elders. When God revealed to Abraham his intention to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, he prayed for them that God might have mercy on them; this shows the compassionate nature of Abraham although God destroyed the city in the end. To Muslims, Abraham symbolises the highest moral values that a human being should possess. This is evident when the angels came to tell him of the birth of Isaac; he was quick to welcome and entertain them with a calf although they were strangers. To demonstrate the faith that Abraham had in God, Abraham saw a vision that he was required to sacrifice his own son and when told his son of this vision and he submitted himself to the will of Allah. When Abraham had laid Isaac on the altar ready to sacrifice him, God called him and told him to stop as he had already demonstrated his faith in him; this kind of faith is emphasized in Islam where Muslims are required to submit themselves to the will of God. The importance of Abraham in Islam is also seen in the direction that the Muslims are required to face in their prayers. When praying Muslims are require to face Mecca which is the holy city associated with Abraham as it contains the kabba which Abraham built with his son Ishmael. In addition Muslims are required to pray at least five times a day, one of which they must ask God to send his blessing to Prophet Abraham. The celebration of Eid-ul-Adha,

Juvenile Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juvenile Diabetes - Essay Example Diabetes is a disease. It affects both children and adults. The fundamental nature of the disease is that individuals have blood glucose levels which are higher than the normal range (Basics About Diabetes, np). We eat food, this food is converted into glucose, and our bodies use this glucose sugar for energy. The human pancreas is the organ which is responsible for making the hormone known as insulin. Insulin helps the glucose get into our cells. Diabetes is dangerous because it means that the body cannot produce enough of its own insulin or it cannot use the insulin produced sufficiently. Diabetes causes sugar to increase and build-up in the blood. The consequences can be severe, as noted by National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, "Diabetes can cause serious health complications including heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity amputations. Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States" (Basics About Diabetes, np). The symptoms of juvenile diabetes, which is estimated to account for between 5% and 10% of all diabetes cases, are varied. The symptoms may include a frequent need to urinate, an excessive thirst, or an unexplained loss of weight. A person may also experience feelings of excessive hunger, numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes, or a sudden problem with vision. Other symptoms may involve dry skin, an increase in infections, or sores which are slow to heal. The onset of juvenile diabetes is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and stomach pains. There are well-known risk factors for diabetes in adults, such as obesity and physical inactivity, but the risk factors for juvenile diabetes are "less well-defined" (Basics About Diabetes, np.) Risk factors are thought to be autoimmune, genetic, and environmental and these areas are the subject of continuing research. There are, fortunately, treatment methods for juvenile diabetes. The most basic methods include a healthy lifestyle accompanied by regular insulin injections. There should be a healthy diet and a regimen of physical activity. The insulin injections compensate for the inability of the pancreas to produce the requisite amount of insulin. These methods must be coordinated because the amount of insulin which must be injected correlates to the amount of food intake and the amount of physical activity. It is Dalton 1 important to note, however, that while there are rather well-established treatment methods there are no methods for prevention. Researchers continue to search for what they refer to as "environmental triggers" and "genetic triggers" in an effort to find some means for preventing the onset of diabetes in juveniles. There is some enthusiasm in the medical community about possible cures for diabetes in the future. Some of the theories and methods currently being researched and tested include pancreas transplants, the transplant of islet cells (these cells produce insulin), artificial forms of pancreas development, and forms of genetic manipulation where "fat or muscle cells that don't normally make insulin have a human insulin gene inserted - then these "pseudo" islet cells are transplanted into

Ibrahim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ibrahim - Essay Example In Islam, Abraham is considered the father of Prophet Ishmael and Isaac; in addition, he was also the grandfather of Prophet Jacob and an ancestor of Prophet Mohammed. He is considered as the father of monotheism (worship of one God); the Quran describes him as a person who believed in one true God and he was obedient to his commandments. Abraham was given the title ‘Khalilullah’ which means the friend of Allah; the Quran is quoted as saying ‘who can better be in faith than the one who submit his entire person to Allah, does good and follows the manner of Ibrahim the correct in faith? For Allah did take Ibrahim for a friend. As can be seen from the title that Abraham was given as a friend of Allah, Muslims are called upon to try and imitate Abraham in their faith which would bring them closer to Allah; all their actions and activities should be geared to conformity to those of Abraham. Another great feature that Abraham has contributed to Islam is the construction of Kaaba. Abraham, together with his son Ishmael constructed the Kaaba, which can be found in the modern day Saudi Arabia. In regard to the Kaaba, Muslims are required to make pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime if they can afford the journey; this is to show the return to perfection of the Abrahamic faith (Qu?ait?i?, 34). The character and personality of Abraham has been focussed on in the Quran than any other person, with his kindness and compassion being the areas that have been focussed on the most. The Quran tells us of Abraham as being brought up by a wicked father who was idolatrous and ignorant as his son tried to advice him to leave his wicked ways and turn back to God but he refused. At one point, Azar, who was the father of Abraham, threatened to stone him to death if he did not stop preaching to the people; Abraham ignored this threat. Despite the rocky relationship between him and his father, Ibrahim prayed to Allah to pardon his elders and his family for all the ir wrong doings. Muslims use this kind nature of Ibrahim as a model of how individuals should be towards others and in particular their elders. When God revealed to Abraham his intention to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, he prayed for them that God might have mercy on them; this shows the compassionate nature of Abraham although God destroyed the city in the end. To Muslims, Abraham symbolises the highest moral values that a human being should possess. This is evident when the angels came to tell him of the birth of Isaac; he was quick to welcome and entertain them with a calf although they were strangers. To demonstrate the faith that Abraham had in God, Abraham saw a vision that he was required to sacrifice his own son and when told his son of this vision and he submitted himself to the will of Allah. When Abraham had laid Isaac on the altar ready to sacrifice him, God called him and told him to stop as he had already demonstrated his faith in him; this kind of faith is emphasized in Islam where Muslims are required to submit themselves to the will of God. The importance of Abraham in Islam is also seen in the direction that the Muslims are required to face in their prayers. When praying Muslims are require to face Mecca which is the holy city associated with Abraham as it contains the kabba which Abraham built with his son Ishmael. In addition Muslims are required to pray at least five times a day, one of which they must ask God to send his blessing to Prophet Abraham. The celebration of Eid-ul-Adha,

Examine jungs understanding of religeon Essay Example for Free

Examine jungs understanding of religeon Essay Carl Gustav Jung a Swiss psychiatrist and a contemporary to the most controversial minds: Freud, who of which Jung’s theories to begin with were influenced by, but later grew opposition towards his ideas and started pursuing his own. Simply Viewing religion as a natural process and considered it as something that was ultimately good for our mental well being. Jung’s understanding of religion is solemnly based on his individual perception of psychology, in order for one to understand his theory it is essential to acknowledge key features. To begin with Jung argued the libido which is said to be the main cause of neuroses is where psychic energy is produced, the energy is needed for the work of our personality to be performed efficiently, opposing to what Freud defines as a sexual drive essential to be released. This indicates Jung views religion as something of a deeper meaning and holds a lot more value to be classed as something created due to our supposedly guilty sexual desires. Jung’s work with patients with a range of different beliefs lead to him forming a link between different types of religions. Jung identified the similarities found in a number of religions for example in Islam Muslim’s refer to god as light ‘nur’ correspondingly in Christianity â€Å"I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life. (John 8:12) therefore Christians describe his as the ‘Light of the World’. Such comparisons that are too complex to be classed as a consequence caused Jung to declare not only do we all as humans have a un-conscious part and conscious part split in our brain, we also all have a collective un-conscious in our un conscious which we are all born with and is the oldest part of our brain. Due to everybody having the same collective unconscious results to us creating the same images, therefore explaining why everyone shares a similar idea of god, shared by all of humanity. These images are formed in the archetype, Jung stated the archetype is categorized into five different parts: the persona, shadow, animus, anima and God and self. Jung thought the self was the most vital part of our psyche; in order for us to ensure we stay healthy it seeks the integration of all of the parts of our characters â€Å"Individuation means becoming an ‘in-dividual’, and in so far as ‘individuality’ embraces our innermost, last, and incomparable uniqueness, it also implies becoming one’s own self. We could therefore translate individuation as ‘coming to self-hood’ or ‘self-realisation. † Jung states are un-conscious mind which is split in 5 parts is set of sometime during our life and results to becoming un-balanced along with the imbalance of the conscious and unconscious part of our brain, the failure of maintaining harmony leads to a cause of mental disorder in order for us to prevent this we turn to religion to make us a whole individual, we need answers and a belief in god, religion is used as a cure. The images created in the god category of our archetype supply us to successfully integrate the conscious and un-conscious parts of our personality. Jung’s theory explains why we as human beings value religion; if one of us were to oppose it we would be disturbing our natural individuation process. Therefore accepting religion is beneficial for the sake of our sanity and mental health, Jung viewed religion from a positive perspective although he did not personally believe that god exists his approach on the topic was respective â€Å"nothing positive or negative has been asserted about the possible existence of any god† Jung stated although the likelihood of god existing is slim yet he may exist. Furthermore removing religion would potentially cause psychological problems, as opposed to Freud who felt religion is an illness everyone should strive to overcome. Jung states religion stabilizes you and makes you whole.

Marks And Spencer Strategy Analysis

Marks And Spencer Strategy Analysis Executive summary Marks Spencer is one of the UKs leading retailers with over 21 million people visiting their stores each week. However, in the fiercely competitive market environment, operational management strategies are quite important for retailers to obtain a competitive advantage and access to greater income. This report will introduce the history of MS and different market segment in MS, and analysis how MS can running there business in the competitive environment. Some operation management theories are applied in the process of analysis. Instruction Marks Spencer is one of the UKs leading retailers with over 21 million people visiting their stores each week. Now they sell stylish, high quality; great value clothing and home products and outstanding quality food. However, in the fiercely competitive market environment, operational management strategies are quite important for retailers to obtain a competitive advantage and access to greater income (Chase, 2001). First, it will introduce the history of MS and different market segment in MSà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and have an overview of Porters models of competition. Second, analyze how MS can running there business in the competitive environment, trying to explain more different market segment in MS and how the different market segment works together, analyzing their competitive advantage in this cloth industry. Finally, it will use Porters global generic strategy to analysis MS, discussing how MS attract different customers by using different strategy in the global environment. Discussion and Analysis Introduction about MS and Overview of Porters Models of Competition Martha is a retail business founded by a Jewish immigrant in United Kingdom 1884. 1884, 21-year-old Michael à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Marcos in Kekegaite open-air market of United Kingdom Leeds City had opened a unique small stalls, which is the embryonic form of Marks and Spencer. Marcos. He displayed goods by category and price tag, getting rid of the bargaining traditional transactions. Most notably one is a billboard in his stall: Do not ask the price, a penny can be. This simple and eye-catching slogan quickly spread among the people in the middle and lower classes. By 1894, the British Spencer Tom with 300 pounds, and Marcos had co-founded Marks Spencer. The company from the early 20th century has become a national chain store. In 1926, MS in all major cities in United Kingdom has established a branch to become the UKs largest retailer. Until today, MS is still one of the worlds most profitable retailers (John Stanley, 1991). Porters competitive strategy theories are mainly five force model, general strategies, value chain, diamond system and industrial clusters. 1) Five Forces model provides a very useful analytical framework to study the competitiveness of industry, competition in the corresponding morphology and how to design a strategy. Porter believes that the intensity of competition in any industry is generally affected by five kinds of factors. The industrys competitive position and comprehensive degree lead to economy structure changes within industry, to determine the intensity of but from industry inner competition and determine the ultimate profitability within the industry. The companys core strategy should be to choose the right industry, as well as the industrys most attractive competitive position. 5 kinds of factors are the threat of potential entrants, threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of buyers, suppliers and the bargaining power of existing competition within industry. 2) The general strategy theory: Porter believes that the struggle with the five forces of competition, each company should only have two basic types of competitive advantage, namely, low-cost and product differentiation, which both with a special scope of business combination can be drawn from three types of successful strategic thinking, these three ideas is the overall cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and centralized business strategy. 3) Value Chain: Value Chain is an essential tool for analysis of source strengths. It can dissociate a variety of business activities with the value of transmission methods in order to understand the cost features of enterprise, as well as existing and potential differentiation sources. Business activities are independent and dependent. 4) Diamond system: the State plays an important role in the success of enterprise competition. Thus, Porter makes an extension of his research into the national competitiveness. In response to this theme, Porter puts forward the analytical framework of Diamond System (also known as diamond theory). He thinks factors that may strengthen their national enterprises to create competitive advantages include factors of production, demand conditions, business strategy, structure and competitors, related industries and support for industry performance. 5) Industrial clusters: regional competitiveness has a great impact on competitiveness of enterprises. Porter through the study of industrialized countries finds industrial cluster is a common phenomenon in the process of industrialization, in all developed economies, are it is clear that a variety of industrial clusters. Industrial cluster is defined as a specific area, with competitive and cooperative relations, and geographically concentrated, with interactive relevance enterprise, specialized suppliers, service providers, financial institutions, related industries such as manufacturers and other relevant bodies composed of groups. Complex ity and depth of different level of industrial clusters is different (Francisco J, 2009; Mohr, 2002). Analyze market segment and competitive advantage of MS In 1992, the company has 280 chain stores in the United Kingdom with sales of 75 billion dollars. From the view of Sales category, MS accounts for 15% of the UK clothing sales, food sales 4.6%. Guinness World Records reveals that volume of the companys flagship store in London MarbleArch is 3700 dollars per square foot. MS offers clothing having exquisite style, quality and value for money and household items, as well as outstanding quality foods, all products undergo rigorous screening, from more than 2,000 suppliers around the world. M S in the UK and other countries, more than 75,000 employees in the UK, currently has 622 stores in the international context, MS is also actively developing business. In the 07 and 08 fiscal year, sales exceeded 90 billion pounds. From a market positioning perspective, since the 20th century, 30 years, MS makes middle-class as a sale object, and make every effort to provide them with quality-price ratio appropriate goods. For customers to eat well a nd well dressed has always been motto of MS, which is also main historical reason for 100 years of food and clothing at the same time. After the First World War, due to a shortage of materials, a penny sales strategy is difficult to sustain. MS decisively changed its thinking, making sell project focused on clothing and food, and expanding rapidly, with unprecedented turnover. Until 20 the eighties and nineties, MS gained unprecedented praise in terms of quality, service, diversification. However, from 1998 to 2001, MS operating profit had been on the decline. MS decided to change strategy, developed a new program in overseas sourcing and manufacturing goods. This saved a lot of costs, and profits began to improve. With the emergence of electronic commerce, MS also creatively establish a website, combining traditional retailing with e-commerce. This allows people to see a century-old shop in the face of challenges, courage to change themselves and innovative vigor (Jemmeson, 1997). Most traditional retail stores are selling a variety of brands of goods, of course, there are also some traditional retailers also selling a small amount of own-brand goods, such as designers for Target to sell tailored specialty products. MS has sold almost all own-brand goods. And it has also characteristic of its own brand, types of goods is not exhaustive, but rather selective to provide customers with the best-selling inexpensive goods. At present, 80% of MS operating goods have the brand of St. Michael. MS approach is: from store to collect from the customer views and demands for commodities, and then from Marthas technical development department for product innovation and design (or with the manufacturer to design), and then delivered the manufacturer to produce the final re MS Sales through distribution systems. Thus, Martha has become the worlds largest no plant manufacturers. MS persists in shaping its own brand into image of a healthy environment, in its own brands contai ns a fair trade, sustainable, non-genetically modified products, animal welfare and so on. Almost 100% of sales of own-brand are a biggest difference for MS with the general retailers. This unique brand strategy makes its own brand has become endemic in the United Kingdom as part of shopping culture, while Marks Spencer thus have unmatched brand equity. Marks and Spencer is known to the world due to a standardized and information-oriented management style of supply chain management and suppliers to make it a truly meaningful win-win situation. Standardization is Marks and Spencers consistent style, product quality, type and design of store layout, product display, and even the staff of the service program has a meticulous standard. Standardization Management greatest advantage is that we can save a lot of management costs, while consumers can enhance the overall impression of the Marks and Spencer, giving them a home away from home shopping experience. Marks Spencer has achieved a paperless management, which ensures that all over the world Martha chain can continue to run in an orderly manner. Marks Spencer and suppliers have far more than a general partnership, but rather become a complicit relationship to work. Marks and Spencer has nearly a thousand of suppliers, and suppliers Dibos companies having more than 100 years cooperat ion, with more than 60 suppliers with more than 50 years of partnership. On the one hand, Marks Spencer suppliers guarantees strict demands on product quality; the other hand, Marks and Spencer takes it as its responsibility to help suppliers reduce costs, care providers technological transformation and staff welfare (Tony Grundy, 2003). As a result, suppliers are also with the development of the development of Marks Spencer. Close cooperation of both sides ensures Marks and Spencer to achieve its corporate objectives provide its goal customers with high-quality product within the ability to purchase. Customer satisfaction business philosophy: customer satisfaction has always been Marks and Spencers business philosophy. Customer firstly thinks a lot of commodities with high-quality and low price, which is Marks Spencer sought-after standard. Customers are also increasingly focusing on product design and after-sales service, so Marks Spencer has also taken a series of measures accordingly. In recent years, Marks and Spencer pay more attention to understanding customer needs, internal management structure to take the simple and rapid decision-making mechanism, the focus from how to buy to how to sell. Customers buy Martha not satisfied with the goods that can be unconditional refund. Carried out on the part of the membership-based customer and sales records of the Commissioner of the members on a wide range of information, including birthdays, clothing numbers, special preferences, and settlement accounts. Marks and Spencer will be in the form of time by phone to inform new member s of the listing, the monthly will be in the form of a letter seeking the views of members. 1999 opened on-line shopping service, but also a cadre of loyal customers, people satisfaction with Marks and Spencer increasing. Oxford Street is a well-known British commercial street on the number of stores, the London crowd to get on the top spot. MS in such a competitive market environment also pursues their usual high quality of goods and services, and provide an elegant display of the environment. In this area, Marthas main competitors are facing the department store, and Saier Fu Leach youth-oriented casual relaxed style of the shops, in addition to including many other stores. The advantage that MS is different from these competitors is its depth and breadth of product portfolio and a unique marketing strategy (David Campbell, 2009; Lowson, R.H. 2001). Strategy Theory and Practice Analysis about MS M S retail as an industry has its own specific competitive structures, which can be analyzed from the Porter five forces of competition: 1) Entry threat. The low-cost of commercial retail enterprises, lead to lower barriers to entry the retail industry, retail businesses are always faced with the threat of new entrants. 2) Replacement threat. As the retail business operated products, the technical content of most is not high, more likely to imitate, so facing a greater alternative threats. 3) The bargaining power of suppliers. From the most developed countries show that, in the retail business and manufacturing enterprises bargaining in retail enterprises grow in power. 4) The bargaining power of buyers. As the retail business more and more abundant supply of commodities, increasing the power of buyers, which forced more and more retailers adopt the low-cost, low-cost, high-quality service strategy, retailers profiteering opportunities less and less. 5) Existing competitors. At pres ent, the existing competitors in the competitive retail industry has become a variety of forms, a variety of tissue types, regions and business scope of the three-dimensional cross-competition. Facing fierce competition, M S retail businesses have successfully used a variety of competitive strategies to improve their competitiveness. To face the future social development, to further advantage, M S should be good at using the Porters competitive theory, adopting strategy and measures suited to the situation on their own (Dinesh, 2008; S. Ambec, 2002). (A) Differentiation strategy Competitive differentiation is the basic strategy, to pursue I have what people dont have, my superior that what people have customer value that is different from other competitors. Differentiation strategy is that the business through the characteristics production makes their product or service unique, and thus consumers are willing to pay a higher price. Successful examples adopting differentiation strategy are such as the United States Norton department stores, its different, nuanced human service has won praise from consumers, so that no rival can match. Commercial retail enterprises implement differentiation strategy with mainly the work to be undertaken: first, accurate positioning for the enterprise. The main way to differentiate their market position, that is, to determine a companys market position is different from other enterprises or image. Second, establish and run enterprises to brand image. Large-scale commercial retail enterprises shall include at least the brand con notation of the brand of goods, services, brands, and on the basis of the previous two derived from the three-tier corporate brand meaning. Retail business once chooses differentiation strategy, it must be based on its own seeking to establish a brand image to reflect this brand image on the one hand business activities, on the other through the advertising campaign to promote this brand image. Third, long-term to maintain brand image. After companies establishing their own unique brand image, they should make long-term planning to maintain its own brand image (Harry J.P., 2000). (B) Cost leadership strategy Cost leadership strategy is to low operating costs or fees. Retail business goals taking cost-leadership strategy is to become the industrys low-cost firms, which tend to have economies of scale, proprietary technology, preferential supply of commodities prices, lower transaction costs and management fees and other advantages. When enterprises have become a cost leader, they can effectively compete against the other forces of competition, obtaining advantage in competition. The most successful retailer using cost leadership strategy the worlds largest retailer, Wal-Mars. The 20th century, 80s, it began to lease satellite transmission, integrated global marketing data, the commodity management, logistics and distribution, global procurement and data processing of all applications of advanced modern information technology to significantly reduce the cost, annual savings of more than competitors) 750 million of dollars in spending. Commercial retail enterprises can be achieved through t he following areas cost leadership (Voss, 2003). First, they can through cost analysis identify the greatest impact factors on the business cost, controlling systematically cost. Second, it is to establish alliances among commercial enterprises, reducing procurement costs and jointly developing the market. Third is using capital operation, expanding the enterprise scale. Through joint, mergers, acquisitions, joining, enterprise implements chain operations, the rapid expansion of operation scale, to achieve business activities standardization, specialization, centralization. Fourth is scientific management with application of advanced technology. Retail enterprises further reduce business costs through the use of POS (selling real-time systems), MIS (management information systems), EDI (electronic data interchange), EOS (Electronic Ordering System) and other modern management techniques (Shankar, 2004). (C) Objectives accumulation strategy Retail enterprises to implement the strategic objective is to choose one or the accumulation of a group of market segments as part of its services, target markets, strategic optimization, to seek their presence in the target market on the competitive advantage. Because it takes a specific consumer group focused to meet their needs, so companies can be more economical than the other competitors, more thoughtful to meet their needs (Mittal, 2004). In addition, the strategy also adopted by the choice of the target market to find the weakest link in the existing competitors cut into, to avoid a competitor with a strong head-on collision. Select the target build-up strategy, first, to conduct market research and market segmentation. According to differences in consumer demand will be divided into different consumer market segments, so that enterprises can more effectively meet their needs. Second is to determine the target market. Not all segments have value to enterprise. Companies shoul d choose a potential market segment as its target market that will not conflict with a strong competitor. Generally speaking, potential market segments should also have the following three conditions: 1) adequate, the reality of unmet demand or potential demand; 2) Enterprise has ability to provide products or services to meet these needs, and helping the can map; 3) Business in this market segment can achieve certain competitive advantage. Third, accounting for the characteristics of the target market, it is to develop practical sales strategy, including determining the number of sales outlets, choice of a commodity business scope, pricing strategies. In addition, the in the implementation process of objectives accumulation strategic, the cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy can also be used at the same time. Conclusion MarksSpencers is a leading retailer of clothing, food, home ware and financial services. Marks Spencer is one of the UKs leading retailers with over 21 million people visiting their stores each week. However, in the fiercely competitive market environment, operational management strategies are quite important for retailers to obtain a competitive advantage and access to greater income. It could supply goods whatever customer needs timely whether it is the variety of food products or clothing style. This paper first introduces the history of MS and different market segment in MSà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and have an overview of Porters models of competition. Second, analyze how MS can running there business in the competitive environment, trying to explain more different market segment in MS and how the different market segment works together, analyzing their competitive advantage in this cloth industry. MS is changing the business strategy timely when market environmental change, while the contin uous improvement on strategy goes along with the change of customer demands. Finally, it uses Porters global generic strategy to analysis MS, to face the future social development, to further advantage, discussing how MS attract different customers by using different strategy in the global environment. The outcomes through analysis and discussion give a useful help to retail industry. The experience of the old brand department store tells the world that they can create their own lands as long as the constant innovation even in a traditional industry. Recommendations Through the above analysis, MS has made a great progress, getting over lots of difficulties. However, in todays fiercely competitive market environment, MS should also adopt optimal strategy to obtain a stronger competitive by reducing human and material costs by exploring overseas cheap labors and improving their quality of service and giving full play to their creativity.